Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
Epstein-Barr Virus Laboratory, Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil.
Sci Rep. 2021 Sep 16;11(1):18476. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-97707-4.
To identify the prevalence and risk factors for primary Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-positive adult treatment-naïve patients between January 2018 and December 2019 in a state of the Brazilian Amazon region. A total of 268 HIV-1 positive patients and 65 blood donors participated in the study. Epidemiological data were obtained from medical records and through a designed questionnaire. EBV infection was screened by the semiquantitative detection of anti-viral capsid antigen (VCA) EBV IgM and IgG, followed by molecular detection of the EBNA-3C gene. The plasma viral loads of HIV-1 and EBV were quantified using a commercial kit. The prevalence of primary coinfection was 7.12%. The associated risk factors were education level, family income, history of illicit drug use and sexually transmitted infections, homosexual contact and condom nonuse. Approximately 58.5% had late initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy, which influenced the risk of HIV-EBV 1/2 multiple infection (odds ratio (OR): 4.76; 95% CI 1.51-15.04) and symptom development (p = 0.004). HIV viral load was associated with patient age (OR: 2.04; 95% CI 2.01-2.07; p = 0.026) and duration of illicit drug use (OR: 1.57; 95% CI 1.12-2.22; p = 0.0548). EBV viral load was associated with younger age (OR: 0.82; 95% CI 0.79-1.03; p = 0.0579). The replication of both viruses was associated with symptom development (HIV = OR: 2.06; 95% CI 1.22-3.50; p = 0.0073; EBV = OR: 8.81; 95% CI 1-10; p = 0.0447). The prevalence of HIV/EBV coinfection was lower than that observed in other studies, and social vulnerability and promiscuous sexual behavior were associated risk factors. A long time of HIV-1 infection, without therapy, influenced the risk of coinfection and disease progression. The viral loads of both viruses may be associated with some epidemiological aspects of the population.
为了在巴西亚马逊地区确定 2018 年 1 月至 2019 年 12 月期间，处于治疗初期的人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）-1 阳性成年患者原发性 EBV（Epstein-Barr virus，EBV）感染的流行率和危险因素。共有 268 名 HIV-1 阳性患者和 65 名献血者参加了这项研究。通过设计问卷和从病历中获得流行病学数据。通过对病毒衣壳抗原（VCA）EBV IgM 和 IgG 的半定量检测，以及对 EBNA-3C 基因的分子检测，对 EBV 感染进行筛查。使用商业试剂盒定量检测 HIV-1 和 EBV 的血浆病毒载量。原发性合并感染的患病率为 7.12%。相关危险因素包括教育水平、家庭收入、吸毒史和性传播感染、同性恋接触和不使用避孕套。约 58.5%的患者接受了晚期高效抗逆转录病毒治疗，这影响了 HIV-EBV 1/2 多重感染的风险（比值比（OR）：4.76；95%置信区间 1.51-15.04）和症状发展（p=0.004）。HIV 病毒载量与患者年龄（OR：2.04；95%置信区间 2.01-2.07；p=0.026）和吸毒时间（OR：1.57；95%置信区间 1.12-2.22；p=0.0548）有关。EBV 病毒载量与年龄较小有关（OR：0.82；95%置信区间 0.79-1.03；p=0.0579）。两种病毒的复制都与症状发展有关（HIV：OR：2.06；95%置信区间 1.22-3.50；p=0.0073；EBV：OR：8.81；95%置信区间 1-10；p=0.0447）。HIV/EBV 合并感染的患病率低于其他研究观察到的患病率，社会脆弱性和滥交性行为是相关的危险因素。HIV-1 感染时间长，未进行治疗，会增加合并感染和疾病进展的风险。两种病毒的病毒载量可能与人群的一些流行病学特征有关。
