Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2022 Apr;7(4):406-414. doi: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.09.004. Epub 2021 Sep 21.
Most psychiatric disorders emerge in the second decade of life. In the present study, we examined whether environmental adversity, developmental antecedents, major depressive disorder, and functional impairment correlate with deviation from normative brain development in adolescence.
We trained a brain age prediction model using 189 structural magnetic resonance imaging brain features in 1299 typically developing adolescents (age range 9-19 years, mean = 13.5, SD = 3.04), validated the model in a holdout set of 322 adolescents (mean = 13.5, SD = 3.07), and used it to predict age in an independent risk-enriched cohort of 150 adolescents (mean = 13.6, SD = 2.82). We tested associations between the brain age gap and adversity, early antecedents, depression, and functional impairment.
We accurately predicted chronological age in typically developing adolescents (mean absolute error = 1.53 years). The model generalized to the validation set (mean absolute error = 1.55 years, 1.98 bias adjusted) and to the independent at-risk sample (mean absolute error = 1.49 years, 1.86 bias adjusted). The brain age estimate was reliable in repeated scans (intraclass correlation = 0.94). Experience of environmental adversity (β = 0.18; 95% CI, 0.04 to 0.31; p = .02), diagnosis of major depressive disorder (β = 0.61; 95% CI, 0.23 to 0.99; p = .01), and functional impairment (β = 0.16; 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.27; p = .01) were associated with a positive brain age gap.
Risk factors, diagnosis, and impact of mental illness are associated with an older-appearing brain during development.
大多数精神疾病都出现在人生的第二个十年。在本研究中，我们探讨了环境逆境、发育前因、重度抑郁症和功能障碍是否与青少年时期偏离正常大脑发育有关。
我们使用 1299 名正常发育青少年（年龄 9-19 岁，平均 13.5，SD 3.04）的 189 个结构磁共振成像脑特征训练了一个脑龄预测模型，在 322 名青少年（平均 13.5，SD 3.07）的验证集中验证了该模型，并将其用于预测 150 名风险增强队列中青少年的年龄（平均 13.6，SD 2.82）。我们测试了脑龄差距与逆境、早期前因、抑郁和功能障碍之间的关联。
我们准确预测了正常发育青少年的实际年龄（平均绝对误差 1.53 岁）。该模型在验证集（平均绝对误差 1.55 岁，1.98 偏置调整）和独立的高危样本（平均绝对误差 1.49 岁，1.86 偏置调整）中均有良好的通用性。脑龄估计在重复扫描中是可靠的（组内相关系数 0.94）。环境逆境的经历（β 0.18；95%置信区间，0.04 至 0.31；p=0.02）、重度抑郁症的诊断（β 0.61；95%置信区间，0.23 至 0.99；p=0.01）和功能障碍（β 0.16；95%置信区间，0.05 至 0.27；p=0.01）与较大的脑龄差距相关。
精神疾病的风险因素、诊断和影响与发育过程中大脑看起来更老有关。
