Di Salvo Eleonora, Casciaro Marco, Gangemi Sebastiano
Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Policlinico "G. Martino", University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
Clin Mol Allergy. 2021 Sep 26;19(1):18. doi: 10.1186/s12948-021-00157-6.
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a 30KDa protein, which belongs to the Interleukin-1 cytokine family. It is a crucial regulator of innate and adaptive immune responses. This interleukin is additionally involved in the inflammatory reaction versus helminthic infections. Interleukin 33 acts on group 2 innate lymphoid cells and mast cells macrophages, dendritic cells and CD4 + Th2 cells eliciting a type 2 immune response. Moreover, the cytokine can activate the ST2 of Tregs, demonstrating its ability to downregulate inflammation. IL-33 has also an intracellular function by regulating transcription. The active IL-33 doesn't have a signal peptide, so it's not released across a normal secretory pathway; the interleukin is released when the cells are damages and acts like an "alarmin". Its influence on immune activation could be slightly adjusted via fine epigenetic interactions involving cascade pathways and immune genes. Due to the diverse data emerged from different experimental research, we decided span literature to clarify, as much as possible, how IL-33 is influenced by and influence gene expression. The authors reported how its balance is influenced, according to the tissue considered. Fundamental for immune-related diseases, IL-33 has a key role in controlling inflammation. The understanding of the cytokine switch will be fundamental in a near future in order to block or activate some immune pathways. In fact, we could control interleukins effects not only by monoclonal antibodies but also by using siRNA or miRNAs for silencing or expressing key genes.
白细胞介素-33（IL-33）是一种30千道尔顿的蛋白质，属于白细胞介素-1细胞因子家族。它是先天性和适应性免疫反应的关键调节因子。这种白细胞介素还参与针对蠕虫感染的炎症反应。白细胞介素33作用于2型固有淋巴细胞、肥大细胞、巨噬细胞、树突状细胞和CD4 + Th2细胞，引发2型免疫反应。此外，该细胞因子可激活调节性T细胞的ST2，显示出其下调炎症的能力。IL-33还通过调节转录发挥细胞内功能。活性IL-33没有信号肽，因此它不会通过正常的分泌途径释放；当细胞受损时，白细胞介素会释放出来，起到“警报素”的作用。其对免疫激活的影响可通过涉及级联途径和免疫基因的精细表观遗传相互作用进行微调。由于不同实验研究得出了各种各样的数据，我们决定广泛查阅文献，尽可能弄清楚IL-33如何受到基因表达的影响以及如何影响基因表达。作者报告了根据所考虑的组织，其平衡是如何受到影响的。IL-33对免疫相关疾病至关重要，在控制炎症方面发挥着关键作用。在不久的将来，了解细胞因子开关对于阻断或激活某些免疫途径至关重要。事实上，我们不仅可以通过单克隆抗体控制白细胞介素的作用，还可以使用小干扰RNA或微小RNA来沉默或表达关键基因。
