Faculty of Earth Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Ul., Będzińska 60, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland.
Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
Chemosphere. 2022 Feb;288(Pt 1):132376. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132376. Epub 2021 Sep 29.
Saccharides are omnipresent compounds in terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Since the 2000s, their role in environmental and geochemical studies has significantly increased, but only anhydrosaccharides (mainly levoglucosan) have been reviewed. Here we present the wider knowledge about saccharides in organic matter of aerosols, bottom sediments, soils, dust, and sedimentary rocks. The main purpose here is to characterize the possible sources of saccharides, as well as sacharol formation, seasonal variability, and the possible applications in environmental and paleoenvironmental interpretations. Different saccharide sources were designated, including biomass burning, and particulate matter such as pollen, spores, lichen, and fungi, as well as polysaccharide decomposition as possible inputs of monosaccharides. The main focus was on the most common saccharides encountered in environmental samples and sedimentary rocks. These are the mono- and disaccharides glucose, fructose, sucrose, and trehalose, and sacharols arabitol and mannitol. The anhydrosaccharides levoglucosan, mannosan, and galactosan were evaluated as ancient wildfire indicators and industrialization tracers found in lacustrine sediments starting from Pleistocene to contemporary deposits. However, other anhydrosaccharides like xylosan and arabinosan were also found as products of fossil wood burning. These anhydrosaccharides have the potential to be further tracers of hemicellulose burning. Additional recommendations are proposed for future research, including environmental and paleoenvironmental topics that need to be addressed.
糖类是陆地和海洋生态系统中普遍存在的化合物。自 21 世纪以来，它们在环境和地球化学研究中的作用显著增加，但仅对无水糖（主要是左旋葡聚糖）进行了综述。在这里，我们介绍了关于气溶胶、底泥、土壤、灰尘和沉积岩中有机质中糖类的更广泛的知识。这里的主要目的是描述糖类的可能来源，以及糖类的形成、季节性变化，以及在环境和古环境解释中的可能应用。指定了不同的糖类来源，包括生物质燃烧以及花粉、孢子、地衣和真菌等颗粒物质，以及多糖分解可能作为单糖的输入。主要重点是环境样品和沉积岩中遇到的最常见的糖类。这些是在环境样品和沉积岩中遇到的最常见的糖类，包括单糖和二糖葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖和海藻糖，以及糖醇阿拉伯糖醇和甘露醇。无水糖左旋葡聚糖、甘露聚糖和半乳糖聚糖被评估为古野火指标和工业化示踪剂，它们存在于从更新世到现代沉积物的湖泊沉积物中。然而，其他无水糖，如木聚糖和阿拉伯聚糖，也被发现是化石木材燃烧的产物。这些无水糖有可能进一步成为半纤维素燃烧的示踪剂。还提出了未来研究的额外建议，包括需要解决的环境和古环境问题。
