School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
Department of Chemistry, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria.
Environ Sci Process Impacts. 2021 Nov 17;23(11):1696-1705. doi: 10.1039/d1em00316j.
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) are regulated under the Stockholm Convention of the United Nations' Environment Programme; with similar concerns emerging about alternative halogenated flame retardants (alt-HFRs), the use of which is increasing as replacements for PBDEs and HBCDD. While the presence in indoor dust of PCBs, PBDEs, and HBCDDs has been reported previously in a few African locations including Lagos, Nigeria, we are unaware of similar data for alt-HFRs. The present study thus aimed to provide the first information on alt-HFRs in indoor dust in sub-Saharan Africa, and to evaluate the impact of restrictions on the use of PBDEs, HBCDD, and PCBs on their concentrations in house dust in Lagos, Nigeria. Concentrations of ∑PBDEs, ∑HBCDDs, ∑alt-HFRs, and ∑PCBs in 15 samples of dust from homes in Lagos, Nigeria were found to be: 43-810 (median = 300) ng g, <dl - 66 (median = <dl) ng g, 32-2600 (median = 320) ng g and 3.8-61 (median = 18) ng g respectively. The dominant PBDE was BDE-209, its replacement decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) was the predominant alt-HFR, while PCB-138 displayed the highest concentration of the 8 PCBs targeted. Likely due to their higher vapour pressures, concentrations of the non-arochlor PCB 11, as well as those of PCB 28, and PBDE 28 were below detection limits. Concentrations of PBDEs and PCBs reported are generally below those reported previously for Lagos, Nigeria; suggesting restrictions on their manufacture and use have been effective. In contrast, while concentrations of BDE-209 in this study were lower than in one previous study in Lagos, they exceeded those in another; implying that the more recent restrictions on the deca-BDE product have yet to be fully effective. The evidence presented here of concentrations of alt-HFRs in Nigerian house dust provide a valuable benchmark against which future trends in their concentrations may be evaluated.
多氯联苯（PCBs）、多溴二苯醚（PBDEs）和六溴环十二烷（HBCDD）受联合国环境规划署《斯德哥尔摩公约》管制；类似的关注也出现在其他卤代阻燃剂（alt-HFRs）上，随着它们作为 PBDEs 和 HBCDD 的替代品的使用增加。尽管以前曾在包括尼日利亚拉各斯在内的一些非洲地点报告过室内灰尘中存在 PCBs、PBDEs 和 HBCDD，但我们对 alt-HFRs 没有类似的数据。因此，本研究旨在为撒哈拉以南非洲地区室内灰尘中 alt-HFRs 的首次信息提供参考，并评估对 PBDEs、HBCDD 和 PCBs 使用的限制对拉各斯家庭灰尘中这些物质浓度的影响。在拉各斯 15 个家庭灰尘样本中，∑PBDEs、∑HBCDDs、∑alt-HFRs 和∑PCBs 的浓度分别为：43-810（中位数=300）ng/g、<dl-66（中位数=<dl）ng/g、32-2600（中位数=320）ng/g 和 3.8-61（中位数=18）ng/g。主要的 PBDE 是 BDE-209，其替代品十溴二苯乙烷（DBDPE）是主要的 alt-HFR，而 8 种目标 PCB 中 PCB-138 的浓度最高。可能由于其较高的蒸气压，非芳烃 PCBs 11 以及 PCB 28 和 PBDE 28 的浓度低于检测限。报告的 PBDEs 和 PCBs 浓度通常低于以前在拉各斯报告的浓度；表明对其制造和使用的限制是有效的。相比之下，尽管本研究中 BDE-209 的浓度低于拉各斯的一项先前研究，但高于另一项研究；这意味着最近对十溴二苯醚产品的限制尚未完全生效。本研究中提供的尼日利亚家庭灰尘中 alt-HFRs 浓度的证据为评估其浓度的未来趋势提供了有价值的基准。
