Yang Qing, Liu Jing, Robinson Kelsy J, Whitmore Melanie A, Stewart Sydney N, Zhang Guolong
Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA.
Present address: Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Fayetteville, AR, USA.
J Anim Sci Biotechnol. 2021 Oct 9;12(1):107. doi: 10.1186/s40104-021-00628-5.
Intestinal microbiota is critical for maintaining animal health and homeostasis. However, involvement of the fungal community, also known as the mycobiota, in animal health and disease is poorly understood. This study was aimed to examine the association between the intestinal mycobiota and the severity of necrotic enteritis (NE), an economically significant poultry disease.
A total of 90 day-of-hatch Cobb broilers were infected with Eimeria maxima on d 10, followed by an oral challenge with C. perfringens on d 14 to induce NE, while another 10 broilers were served as mock-infected controls. On d 17, the lesions in the jejunum were scored, and the ileal digesta were subjected to DNA isolation and real-time PCR quantification of total bacterial and fungi populations. Internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) amplicon sequencing was also performed to profile the ileal mycobiota composition. Changes in the ileal mycobiota in response to NE were investigated. Spearman correlation analysis was further conducted to identify the correlations between relative abundances of individual ileal fungi and the severity of NE.
While the total bacterial population in the ileum was increased by 2- to 3-fold in NE chickens, the total fungal population was progressively declined in more exacerbated NE, with the most severely infected chickens showing a nearly 50-fold reduction relative to mock-infected controls. Richness of the ileal mycobiota also tended to reduce in chickens with NE (P = 0.06). Compositionally, among 30 most abundant fungal amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), 11 were diminished and 7 were enriched (P < 0.05), while 12 remained largely unchanged in NE-afflicted chickens (P > 0.05). Multiple Wallemia and Aspergillus species were markedly diminished in NE (P < 0.05) and also showed a significant negative correlation with NE severity (P < 0.05).
Dysbiosis of the ileal mycobiota is induced evidently by NE and the extent of the dysbiosis is positively correlated with disease severity. These findings suggest a possible role of the intestinal mycobiota in NE pathogenesis and highlight the mycobiota as a new potential target for NE mitigation in poultry.
肠道微生物群对于维持动物健康和体内平衡至关重要。然而，真菌群落（也称为真菌微生物群）在动物健康和疾病中的作用却鲜为人知。本研究旨在探讨肠道真菌微生物群与坏死性肠炎（NE）严重程度之间的关联，坏死性肠炎是一种对家禽业具有重要经济影响的疾病。
总共90只刚出壳的科宝肉鸡在第10天感染巨型艾美耳球虫，随后在第14天口服产气荚膜梭菌以诱发坏死性肠炎，另外10只肉鸡作为 mock感染对照。在第17天，对空肠病变进行评分，并对回肠内容物进行DNA提取以及对总细菌和真菌群体进行实时PCR定量分析。还进行了内部转录间隔区2（ITS2）扩增子测序以分析回肠真菌微生物群的组成。研究了回肠真菌微生物群对坏死性肠炎的反应变化。进一步进行Spearman相关性分析以确定单个回肠真菌相对丰度与坏死性肠炎严重程度之间的相关性。
虽然坏死性肠炎鸡的回肠总细菌数量增加了2至3倍，但在坏死性肠炎病情更严重的情况下，总真菌数量逐渐下降，感染最严重的鸡相对于mock感染对照显示出近50倍的减少。坏死性肠炎鸡的回肠真菌微生物群丰富度也趋于降低（P = 0.06）。在组成上，在30个最丰富的真菌扩增子序列变体（ASV）中，11个减少，7个增加（P < 0.05），而在患有坏死性肠炎的鸡中，12个基本保持不变（P > 0.05）。多个威克海姆酵母属和曲霉属物种在坏死性肠炎中显著减少（P < 0.05），并且与坏死性肠炎严重程度也呈显著负相关（P < 0.05）。
坏死性肠炎明显诱发了回肠真菌微生物群失调，并且失调程度与疾病严重程度呈正相关。这些发现表明肠道真菌微生物群在坏死性肠炎发病机制中可能起作用，并突出了真菌微生物群作为减轻家禽坏死性肠炎的新潜在靶点。
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