Amount of venom that Leptopilina species inject into Drosophila melanogaster larvae in relation to parasitic success.

The Drosophila endoparasitoid wasps Leptopilina boulardi and L. heterotoma (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) are pro-ovigenic species, i.e., females contain their lifetime number of mature eggs at emergence. They are therefore able to immediately parasitize many hosts when present. In response to parasitoid oviposition, the larval host D. melanogaster can mount an immune response, encapsulation, that can destroy the parasitoid eggs. This response is counteracted by the venom the wasp injects during oviposition. Here, we estimated the amount of venom injected into a D. melanogaster host larva using immunodetection of venom proteins and we attempted to correlate this amount with the number of eggs a female can lay on successive days. The venom reservoir of L. boulardi contains enough venom for at least 100 ovipositions while that of L. heterotoma contains venom for about 16 ovipositions. While a female L. boulardi may have enough venom for three days of parasitism when 20 or 40 larval hosts were presented each day, L. heterotoma certainly needs to synthesize new venom to parasitize the number of hosts offered. Interestingly, parasitism stopped (L. boulardi), egg protection (L. heterotoma) and egg hatching decreased (both species) after three days of parasitism. Thus, although venom does not appear to be a limiting factor for parasitism, our data suggest that it may have less effectiveness on the egg protection and on egg/host development after high repetitive egg laying.