Occurrence of in Israel: Challenges for Disease Management and Crop Germplasm Enhancement.

is a soil-borne fungal pathogen infecting many important crop plants. The fungus, which can survive on crop debris for a long period of time, causes charcoal rot disease by secreting a diverse array of cell-wall degrading enzymes and toxins. thrives during periods of high temperatures and arid conditions, as typically occur in Israel and other countries with a Mediterranean climate. Crop losses due to charcoal rot can be expected to increase and spread to other countries in a warming global climate. Management of this pathogen is challenging, requiring an array of approaches for the various crop hosts. Approaches that have had some success in Israel include grafting of melons and watermelons on resistant squash rootstocks and soil application of fungicide to reduce disease incidence in melons, fumigation and alterations in planting date and mulching of strawberries, and alteration in irrigation regime of cotton. Elsewhere, these approaches, as well as soil amendments and addition of organisms that are antagonistic to , have had success in some crop situations. Management through host resistance would be the most sustainable approach, but it requires identifying a resistant germplasm for each crop and introgressing the resistance into the leading cultivars. Resistance to charcoal rot is under complex genetic control in most crops, posing a great challenge for its introgression into elite germplasm. Moreover, fast, reliable methods of screening for resistance would have to be developed for each crop. The toothpick-inoculation method used by us holds great promise for selecting resistant germplasm for melons and possibly for sesame, but other methodologies have to be devised for each individual crop.