Wu Junru, Zheng Wei, Han Mengru, Schiller Niels O
Laboratory of Language Cognition and Evolution, Department of Chinese Language and Literature, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
Leiden University Centre for Linguistics, Leiden, Netherlands.
Front Psychol. 2021 Sep 30;12:734527. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.734527. eCollection 2021.
The objective of this paper was to study the cognitive processes underlying cross-dialectal novel word borrowing and loanword establishment in a Standard-Chinese-to-Shanghainese (SC-SH) auditory lexical learning and borrowing experiment. To investigate these underlying cognitive processes, SC-SH bi-dialectals were compared with SC monolectals as well as bi-dialectals of SC and other Chinese dialects (OD) to investigate the influence of short-term and long-term linguistic experience. Both comprehension and production borrowings were tested. This study found that early and proficient bi-dialectism, even if it is not directly related to the recipient dialect of lexical borrowing, has a protective effect on the ability of cross-dialectal lexical borrowing in early adulthood. Bi-dialectals tend to add separate lexical representations for incidentally encountered dialectal variants, while monolectals tend to assimilate dialectal variants to standard forms. Bi-dialectals, but not monolectals, use etymologically related morphemes between the source and recipient dialects to create nonce-borrowing compounds. Dialectal variability facilitates lexical borrowing enriching instead of increasing the short-term lexical experience of learners. The long-term bi-dialectal experience of individuals, as well as their short-term exposure to each specific loanword, may collectively shape the route of lexical evolution of co-evolving linguistic varieties.
本文的目的是在一项从标准中文到上海话（SC-SH）的听觉词汇学习与借用实验中，研究跨方言新造词借用和外来词确立背后的认知过程。为了探究这些潜在的认知过程，将SC-SH双语者与只会说标准中文的人以及标准中文和其他汉语方言（OD）的双语者进行比较，以考察短期和长期语言经验的影响。同时测试了理解性借用和产出性借用。本研究发现，早期且熟练掌握双语，即使与词汇借用的接受方言没有直接关联，在成年早期也对跨方言词汇借用能力具有保护作用。双语者倾向于为偶然遇到的方言变体添加单独的词汇表征，而单语者则倾向于将方言变体同化为标准形式。双语者而非单语者会利用源方言和接受方言之间词源相关的语素创造临时借用的复合词。方言变体促进了词汇借用，丰富而非增加了学习者的短期词汇经验。个体的长期双语经验以及他们对每个特定外来词的短期接触，可能共同塑造共同演变的语言变体的词汇演变路径。
