Characteristics of bio-oil and biochar from cotton stalk pyrolysis: Effects of torrefaction temperature and duration in an ammonia environment.

In this study, nitrogen-containing chemicals and nitrogen-rich biochar were prepared using ammonia (NH) torrefaction pretreatment technology. The effects of temperature and duration of torrefaction on the characteristics of torrefaction and pyrolysis products were evaluated. The results indicated that when the torrefaction temperature was increased to 290 °C, the nitrogen content increased significantly from 0.98% to 6.85%. XPS analysis showed that the raw biomass mainly contained amide-N and pyrrole-N. As the torrefaction temperature and duration increased, quaternary-N formation was promoted, while amide-N, pyrrole-N, and pyridine-N were consumed. Potential nitrogen doping and transformation pathways during the ammonia torrefaction process were proposed. GC-MS analysis showed that ammonia torrefaction promoted the formation of pyridines, while reducing the content of oxygen-containing species. In addition, torrefaction duration had positive effects on the yield of nitrogen-containing chemicals.