Department of Food Science, Purdue University, College of Agriculture, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America.
Institut Senegalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Dakar, Senegal.
Int J Food Microbiol. 2021 Dec 16;360:109437. doi: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109437. Epub 2021 Oct 16.
Peanuts and peanut products are significant revenue sources for smallholder farmers in the Senegalese peanut basin. However, microbial contamination during production and storage can greatly affect market access for producers. Peanut products have emerged as possible sources of foodborne illness, encouraging discussions on international standards for peanuts. In this study, we interviewed 198 households throughout the Senegalese peanut basin to assess current production practices, storage methods, and producers' prior knowledge of microbial contamination using a 162-question survey. A member of each household orally completed the survey with a trained enumerator and the results were compared to microbiological results obtained from peanut samples collected at the time of the interview using linear regression and an analysis of variance model. Samples were collected from stored peanuts at each household; peanuts were shelled and total Enterobacteriaceae, coliform, and yeast and mold populations were enumerated. Of the 198 samples analyzed, 13.0% and 13.6% were greater than the upper detection limits for Enterobacteriaceae and coliforms, respectively. A total of 21.2% of samples were above the detection limit for yeast and mold populations. Only 22.7% and 18.7% of producers were aware of pathogenic bacteria or aflatoxins, respectively; there were no significant differences in observed microbial populations between household who took preventative measures against microbial contamination and those who did not. Additionally, four households reported washing their kitchen utensils before using them to eat and 60.1% reported always washing their hands before eating. Enumerators were asked to report peanut storage container type and if the containers were stored off the ground at the time of collection. While the interaction between storage container type and if the container was stored off the ground was significant for Enterobacteriaceae and coliforms, it was not significant for yeast and mold. Additionally, when storage container type and if peanuts were stored off the ground were included in the regression model, these methods were predictive of contamination levels for Enterobacteriaceae and coliforms. To our knowledge, this is the first study to analyze the relationship among Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, and yeast and mold contamination and producer knowledge of Senegalese peanuts. These results provide preliminary data to inform future studies to determine pathogen prevalence and impactful preventative measures to minimize microbial contamination of peanuts produced in Senegal.
花生和花生产品是塞内加尔花生种植区小农户的重要收入来源。然而，生产和储存过程中的微生物污染会极大地影响生产者的市场准入。花生产品已成为食源性疾病的可能来源，这促使人们就花生的国际标准展开讨论。在这项研究中，我们采访了塞内加尔花生种植区的 198 户家庭，以评估当前的生产实践、储存方法以及生产者对微生物污染的了解程度，采用了一份 162 个问题的调查问卷。每个家庭的一名成员都由一名经过培训的调查员进行口头调查，调查结果与采访时从家庭收集的花生样本的微生物学结果进行了线性回归和方差分析模型比较。样本取自每个家庭储存的花生；对花生进行去壳，然后对肠杆菌科、大肠菌群和酵母和霉菌总数进行计数。在分析的 198 个样本中，13.0%和 13.6%的样本肠杆菌科和大肠菌群分别超过了上限检测值。总的来说，21.2%的样本酵母和霉菌总数超过了检测限。只有 22.7%和 18.7%的生产者分别了解到了病原菌或黄曲霉毒素；采取了防止微生物污染措施的家庭与没有采取措施的家庭之间，观察到的微生物种群没有显著差异。此外，有 4 户家庭报告在用厨房用具吃东西前会先清洗，60.1%的家庭报告在用餐前总是会先洗手。调查员被要求报告花生储存容器的类型以及收集时容器是否放在地上。虽然在肠杆菌科和大肠菌群方面，储存容器类型和容器是否放在地上之间的相互作用是显著的，但在酵母和霉菌方面则不显著。此外，当将储存容器类型和花生是否放在地上纳入回归模型时，这些方法可预测肠杆菌科和大肠菌群的污染水平。据我们所知，这是第一项分析塞内加尔花生中肠杆菌科、大肠菌群和酵母和霉菌污染与生产者对花生了解程度之间关系的研究。这些结果提供了初步数据，为未来的研究提供信息，以确定病原体的流行程度和有影响力的预防措施，以最大限度地减少塞内加尔生产的花生中的微生物污染。
