Gene transfer to primary normal and malignant human hemopoietic progenitors using recombinant retroviruses.

To study the feasibility of using retroviruses for gene transfer into human hemopoietic cells, various cell types were exposed to virus carrying the gene for neomycin resistance (neor). In preliminary studies using K562 cells as targets, we found that high viral titer and co-cultivation with viral producer cells rather than incubation in medium exposed to viral producer cells were important variables for achieving high frequencies of G418 resistant (G418r) colonies. The maximum frequency of G418r K562 colonies after co-cultivation with cells producing a neor virus titer of 4 X 10(6) cfu/mL was 60%. When primary human progenitors from normal marrow, fetal liver, or chronic myelogenous leukemia blood were exposed to high titer viral stocks, both with and without helper virus, under conditions optimized for K562 cells, maximum frequencies of G418r colonies were 3% to 16% for granulocyte macrophage progenitors and 2% to 6% for primitive erythroid progenitors. The presence of the neor gene in both G418r K562 and primary hemopoietic colonies was verified by Southern blot. Expression of the neor gene was shown by RNA spot blot. These data demonstrate efficient transfer and expression of the neor gene in both K562 cells and primary human hemopoietic cells from normal and leukemic individuals.