The Institute of Enology and Viticulture, University of Yamanashi, 1-13-1 Kitashin, Kofu 400-0005, Yamanashi, Japan.
Faculty of Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu 400-8511, Yamanashi, Japan.
Cells. 2021 Oct 19;10(10):2799. doi: 10.3390/cells10102799.
Global warming has resulted in the loss of anthocyanin accumulation in berry skin. Sound stimulation can be used as a potential method for enhancing fruit color development since many plants recognize sound vibration as an external stimulus and alter their physiological status in response to it. Sound stimulation (sine wave sound at 1000 Hz) enhanced anthocyanin accumulation in grape cultured cells and berry skins in field-grown grapevines at the early stage of ripening. The transcription of and , which encode the key enzymes in anthocyanin and ethylene biosynthesis, respectively, was upregulated in grape cultured cells exposed to sound stimulation. In contrast, the transcription of and , which encode a transcription factor for and a key enzyme in abscisic acid biosynthesis, respectively, was not affected by the sound stimulation. A treatment with an ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor, aminoethoxyvinyl glycine hydrochloride, revered the enhancement of anthocyanin accumulation by sound stimulation. As the promoter assay using a GUS reporter gene demonstrated that promoter was directly activated by the ethylene-releasing compound ethephon, which enhanced anthocyanin accumulation in grape cultured cells, we conclude that sound stimulation enhanced anthocyanin accumulation through the direct upregulation of by ethylene biosynthesis. Our findings suggest that sound stimulation contributes to alleviating poor coloration in berry skin as a novel and innovative practical technique in viticulture.
全球变暖导致浆果果皮中花色苷积累减少。声音刺激可以作为一种增强果实颜色发育的潜在方法，因为许多植物将声音振动识别为外部刺激，并根据声音振动改变其生理状态。在果实成熟的早期，声音刺激（1000Hz 的正弦波声音）增强了葡萄培养细胞和田间生长的葡萄浆果果皮中的花色苷积累。在暴露于声音刺激的葡萄培养细胞中，分别编码花色苷和乙烯生物合成关键酶的 和 的转录被上调。相比之下，编码 转录因子和脱落酸生物合成关键酶的 和 的转录不受声音刺激的影响。乙烯生物合成抑制剂氨基乙氧基乙烯基甘氨酸盐酸盐处理逆转了声音刺激对花色苷积累的增强作用。由于使用 GUS 报告基因的启动子测定表明 启动子被乙烯释放化合物乙膦直接激活，乙膦增强了葡萄培养细胞中的花色苷积累，我们得出结论，声音刺激通过乙烯生物合成直接上调 来增强花色苷积累。我们的研究结果表明，声音刺激通过直接上调 来增强花色苷积累，从而有助于缓解浆果果皮着色不良，这是葡萄栽培中一种新颖且创新的实用技术。
