Physical and information workflow mapping of vancomycin therapeutic drug management: A single site case study revealing potential gaps in the process.

Vancomycin is one of the most prescribed antibiotics in pediatric intensive care units (PICU) in US hospitals. However, a detailed understanding of workflow and information flow among various stakeholders regarding vancomycin treatment processes in clinical settings is lacking. We conducted direct observations and informant interviews to develop the mapping of key processes and information flow for vancomycin treatment, with an emphasis on therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) dose adjustment decision-making. A health information technology (HIT) sociotechnical framework was used to identify EHR related safety concerns. A total of 27 vancomycin treatment activities were observed over a 60-h duration including infusion administration, infusion completion, trough concentration blood draw and therapeutic decision making processes. Workflow and information flow mappings revealed (1) deviations between the documented timestamp used for TDM decision making and the actual time the tasks executed and (2) the lack of information flow regarding infusion completion and interruption. Missing features, insufficient usability and lack of integration with workflow and communication in the EHR were deemed safety gaps that may affect the accuracy of therapeutic decisions. Our case study identified gaps in information flow among clinical team members via EHR in TDM processes to provide insights for the improvement of the EHR system for antibiotic treatment purposes. In particular, the potential harm of the missing, uncertain, and inaccurate documented TDM task times warrant further investigations.