Team of Water and Environmental Management (G2E), National School of Applied Sciences (ENSAH), Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan, Morocco.
Polydisciplinary Faculty of Ouarzazate (FPO), Ibn Zohr University, 45000, Ouarzazate, Morocco.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2022 Mar;29(13):19803-19815. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-17215-w. Epub 2021 Oct 31.
To cope with water scarcity, Morocco needs to integrate the reuse of treated wastewater fully into its water management strategies. However, this option imposes several concerns about the appropriate wastewater treatment system (WWTS) whose performance is balanced by technical, environmental, financial, and societal sustainability. To deal with these challenges, the present study aims to assess the sustainability of five WWTS using the cardinal (CAR) and PROMETHEE methods. After hierarchizing the criteria and identifying the WWTS, two separate surveys were performed in order to rank criteria and alternatives by preference strength. The delivered rankings were converted, then, respectively into cardinal weights (criteria) and cardinal scores (alternatives). The PROMETHEE rankings showed that the membrane systems are the most sustainable followed by trickling filters, while the infiltration-percolation is the least sustainable WWTS. The activated sludge and lagoon systems were incomparable using PROMETHEE I partial ranking, and they were both ranked in the third position of sustainability. In contrast, PROMETHEE II complete ranking favored the activated sludge than lagoon systems due to its slightly high net outranking flow. The stability intervals indicated that the weights of all criteria could not affect the two first actions, which is mainly due to the high precision and robustness of the CAR method in eliciting weights. Finally, each criterion affected variably the sustainability of WWTS according to their characteristics, but overall, the process efficiency is the key factor (21.07% of weight) to reaching higher sustainability levels in addition to gaseous emissions (12.41% of weight), flexibility (8.32% of weight), and energy requirement (7.50% of weight).
为应对水资源短缺问题，摩洛哥需要将处理后废水的再利用全面纳入其水资源管理战略。然而，这种选择带来了一些顾虑，需要建立适当的废水处理系统（WWTS），其性能需要在技术、环境、财务和社会可持续性方面取得平衡。为了应对这些挑战，本研究旨在使用基数（CAR）和 PROMETHEE 方法评估五种 WWTS 的可持续性。在对标准进行层次化并确定 WWTS 之后，进行了两次单独的调查，以便通过偏好强度对标准和替代方案进行排名。然后，将提供的排名分别转换为基数权重（标准）和基数分数（替代方案）。PROMETHEE 排名显示，膜系统是最可持续的，其次是滴滤器，而渗透-渗滤系统是最不可持续的 WWTS。PROMETHEE I 部分排名无法比较活性污泥和池塘系统，它们在可持续性方面均排名第三。相比之下，由于其略微高的净超优流量，PROMETHEE II 完整排名更倾向于活性污泥系统而不是池塘系统。稳定区间表明，所有标准的权重都不会影响前两个行动，这主要是由于 CAR 方法在引出权重方面具有高精度和稳健性。最后，根据各自的特点，每个标准都不同程度地影响 WWTS 的可持续性，但总体而言，工艺效率是达到更高可持续性水平的关键因素（权重的 21.07%），此外还有气体排放（权重的 12.41%）、灵活性（权重的 8.32%）和能源需求（权重的 7.50%）。
