[Responses to the COVID-19 pandemic and its impacts on pharmacology education in the universities and colleges in Japan: nationwide emergency survey jointly conducted by the Physiological Society of Japan and the Japanese Pharmacological Society].

With the spread of new coronavirus infections (COVID-19), universities/colleges have transformed their educational format from conventional group education to distance learning. In order to share information on the new educational format among the members of the society, the Physiological Society of Japan and the Japanese Pharmacological Society (JPS) jointly conducted the "Emergency Joint Survey on Responses of Universities to COVID-19 and Its Impact on Physiology and Pharmacology Education". The JPS surveyed pharmacology departments/divisions at schools of pharmacy, medicine, dentistry, and veterinary medicine in 202 universities (response rate 89%) from August to September 2020. 85% of the universities changed the lecture method, and 70% changed the practical training. 30%, 30%, and 40% of the lectures were live, on-demand, and mixed (combination of live and on-demand) lectures, respectively. 25% of the practical training was live or a combination of live and on-demand lectures, and 45% was on-demand delivery. There are many problems to do online methods such as stable network environment, lack of the reality for students and difficulty of the check of their understanding. On the other hand, there are unexpected benefits in online methods such as anytime learning, an increase in questions from students and repeatable learning. More than 60% considered employing the newly introduced educational styles even after the pandemic. Students' mental health problems and disruption of daily rhythms, quality assurance of online education, and copyright issues were also concerned. Pharmacology education faces a significant turning point in introducing and improving distance learning with or post the COVID-19 pandemic.