Giurfa Martin, de Brito Anaclara Giurfa, de Brito Tiziana Giurfa, de Brito Sanchez Maria Gabriela
College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China.
Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France.
Apidologie. 2021;52(3):684-695. doi: 10.1007/s13592-021-00855-9. Epub 2021 Apr 8.
Social movements in several countries are stimulating a reconsideration of academic structures and historic figures and promoting reparation and recognition of marginalized and forgotten black scientists. A paradigmatic case in that sense is Charles Henry Turner (1867-1923) who was the first African American to receive a graduate degree at the University of Cincinnati and one of the first in earning a PhD degree of the University of Chicago. He performed numerous experiments on sensory perception, orientation, and mating of solitary and social bees, most of which have been unjustly forgotten despite the fact that they anticipated fundamental concepts of animal cognition. We review these studies and highlight the importance of his ideas for modern views of animal cognition and the study of bee behavior. We conclude that besides his scientific contributions, Turner is an inspiration for scientists fighting against social adversity and prejudices.
几个国家的社会运动正在促使人们重新审视学术结构和历史人物，并推动对被边缘化和被遗忘的黑人科学家进行赔偿和认可。从这个意义上说，一个典型的例子是查尔斯·亨利·特纳（1867 - 1923），他是第一位在辛辛那提大学获得研究生学位的非裔美国人，也是最早在芝加哥大学获得博士学位的人之一。他对独居和群居蜜蜂的感官感知、定向和交配进行了大量实验，尽管这些实验预见了动物认知的基本概念，但其中大部分都被不公正地遗忘了。我们回顾了这些研究，并强调了他的思想对现代动物认知观点和蜜蜂行为研究的重要性。我们得出结论，除了他的科学贡献外，特纳还激励着那些与社会逆境和偏见作斗争的科学家。
