Kebrič Matjaž, Barbiero Luca, Reinmoser Christian, Schollwöck Ulrich, Grusdt Fabian
Department of Physics and Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics (ASC), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstr. 37, München D-80333, Germany.
Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstr. 4, D-80799 München, Germany.
Phys Rev Lett. 2021 Oct 15;127(16):167203. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.167203.
Confinement is an ubiquitous phenomenon when matter couples to gauge fields, which manifests itself in a linear string potential between two static charges. Although gauge fields can be integrated out in one dimension, they can mediate nonlocal interactions which in turn influence the paradigmatic Luttinger liquid properties. However, when the charges become dynamical and their densities finite, understanding confinement becomes challenging. Here we show that confinement in 1D Z_{2} lattice gauge theories, with dynamical matter fields and arbitrary densities, is related to translational symmetry breaking in a nonlocal basis. The exact transformation to this string-length basis leads us to an exact mapping of Luttinger parameters reminiscent of a Luther-Emery rescaling. We include the effects of local, but beyond contact, interactions between the matter particles, and show that confined mesons can form a Mott-insulating state when the deconfined charges cannot. While the transition to the Mott state cannot be detected in the Green's function of the charges, we show that the metallic state is characterized by hidden off-diagonal quasi-long-range order. Our predictions provide new insights to the physics of confinement of dynamical charges, and can be experimentally addressed in Rydberg-dressed quantum gases in optical lattices.
当物质与规范场耦合时，禁闭是一种普遍存在的现象，它表现为两个静态电荷之间的线性弦势。尽管规范场在一维中可以被积分掉，但它们可以介导非局部相互作用，进而影响典型的卢廷格液体性质。然而，当电荷变得动态且其密度有限时，理解禁闭就变得具有挑战性。在这里，我们表明，在具有动态物质场和任意密度的一维(Z_{2})晶格规范理论中，禁闭与非局部基下的平移对称性破缺有关。到这个弦长基的精确变换使我们得到卢廷格参数的精确映射，这让人想起路德 - 埃默里重标度。我们考虑了物质粒子之间局部但非接触相互作用的影响，并表明当解禁闭电荷不能形成莫特绝缘态时，禁闭介子可以形成莫特绝缘态。虽然在电荷的格林函数中无法检测到向莫特态的转变，但我们表明金属态的特征是隐藏的非对角准长程序。我们的预测为动态电荷禁闭的物理提供了新的见解，并且可以在光学晶格中的里德堡修饰量子气体中通过实验进行验证。
