Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Institute for Environmental Studies, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
Appetite. 2022 Jan 1;168:105786. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105786. Epub 2021 Oct 31.
This paper investigates how consumers can be guided towards healthy diets from sustainable and more animal-friendly food systems, in times when no single food system can be considered the best. In order to provide an alternative, the paper focuses on how farm animal welfare concerns can be translated into potential consumer goals, inspired by the "Three Rs" principles of Replacement, Reduction and Refinement, originally developed to systematically improve the welfare of laboratory animals. After some adaptations, the three goals established are 1) to eat less meat, and/or 2) "less and better" meat, and/or 3) "less worrisome" animal protein, respectively, which imply choices described in the literature on consumer behavior. This literature shows that the goal of eating less meat is relatively straightforward, but needs to be made more prominent, and that the goals of eating "less and better" meat or eating "less worrisome" animal protein need more nuances regarding the specific trade-offs that should be made in terms of species, production types and geographic locations. This may help to better integrate the repercussions of food choices for human health, animal welfare, climate change and biodiversity, the relative importance of which varies between countries and consumer segments. In conclusion, it should be emphasized that Reduction, Replacement and Refinement are not just different parts of the same process to meet human health and animal welfare challenges, but also powerful options to combat the climate, biodiversity and-last but not least-food security challenges of the next few decades.
本文探讨了在没有单一的食品体系可以被认为是最佳的情况下，如何引导消费者从可持续和更符合动物福利的食品体系中选择健康的饮食。为了提供一种替代方案，本文重点关注如何将农场动物福利问题转化为潜在的消费者目标，这一思路受到了“替代、减少和优化”（Replacement, Reduction and Refinement）的“三个 R”原则的启发，这些原则最初是为了系统地提高实验动物的福利而制定的。经过一些调整，确定了三个目标：1）减少肉类摄入，和/或 2）“减少且更好”的肉类，和/或 3）“减少担忧”的动物蛋白，这分别意味着文献中描述的消费行为选择。这一文献表明，减少肉类摄入的目标相对简单，但需要更加突出，而减少“且更好”的肉类摄入或减少“减少担忧”的动物蛋白摄入的目标需要更多地考虑到在物种、生产类型和地理位置方面应该做出的具体权衡。这有助于更好地整合食品选择对人类健康、动物福利、气候变化和生物多样性的影响，这些影响的相对重要性因国家和消费群体而异。总之，应该强调的是，减少、替代和优化不仅是应对人类健康和动物福利挑战的同一过程的不同部分，也是应对未来几十年的气候、生物多样性和最后但并非最不重要的粮食安全挑战的有力选择。
