Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, 06110, Diskapi, Ankara, Turkey.
Exp Appl Acarol. 2022 Jan;86(1):49-59. doi: 10.1007/s10493-021-00673-9. Epub 2021 Nov 3.
Two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), is a cosmopolitan pest species that can feed on more than 1000 host plant species. Historically, organophosphate (OP) and carbamate insecticides have been used to control this extremely polyphagous pest. However, its ability to develop acaricide resistance rapidly has led to failure in control. Mutations in acetylcholinesterase gene (ace), the target-site of OP and carbamate insecticides, have been reported to be one of the major mechanisms underlying this developing resistance. In this study, mutations previously associated with resistance (G119S, A201S, T280A, G328A, F331W/Y) in ace have been screened in 37 T. urticae populations collected across Turkey. All mutations were found in various populations, except G119S. Almost all populations had F331W/Y mutation (being fixed in 32 populations), whereas only two populations harboured A201S mutation, but not fixed. On the other hand, more than half of the populations contained T280A and G328A mutations. In addition, the presence of same haplotypes in populations originating from distinct geographic locations and a wide variety of ace haplotypes might indicate multiple origins of F331W and F331Y mutations; however, this needs further investigation. The results of area-wide screening showed that ace mutations are widely distributed among T. urticae populations. Therefore, the use of this group of insecticides should be limited or only rotational use might be regarded as a resistance management tool due to its different mode of action from other main acaricide groups in T. urticae control across Turkey.
二斑叶螨，Tetranychus urticae Koch（蜱螨目：叶螨科），是一种世界性的害虫物种，能够以超过 1000 种宿主植物为食。历史上，有机磷（OP）和氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂被用于控制这种极其多食性的害虫。然而，它迅速发展抗药性的能力导致了控制的失败。乙酰胆碱酯酶基因（ace）的突变，即 OP 和氨基甲酸酯类杀虫剂的靶标位点，已被报道是导致这种抗药性发展的主要机制之一。在这项研究中，先前与抗性相关的 ace 突变（G119S、A201S、T280A、G328A、F331W/Y）已在土耳其各地采集的 37 个 T. urticae 种群中进行了筛选。除了 G119S，所有突变都在各种种群中发现。几乎所有种群都有 F331W/Y 突变（在 32 个种群中固定），而只有两个种群含有 A201S 突变，但没有固定。另一方面，超过一半的种群含有 T280A 和 G328A 突变。此外，起源于不同地理位置和多种多样 ace 单倍型的种群中存在相同的单倍型可能表明 F331W 和 F331Y 突变有多个来源；然而，这需要进一步调查。全区域筛选的结果表明，ace 突变在 T. urticae 种群中广泛分布。因此，由于其与土耳其控制其他主要杀螨剂群体的作用模式不同，应限制或仅作为轮用此类杀虫剂，以作为抗药性管理工具。
