California Institute of Technology, Humanities and Social Sciences, 1200 E. California Blvd., MC 228-77, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
California Institute of Technology, Humanities and Social Sciences, 1200 E. California Blvd., MC 228-77, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
Behav Res Ther. 2021 Dec;147:103986. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2021.103986. Epub 2021 Oct 9.
Contexts and discrete stimuli often hierarchically influence the association between a stimulus and outcome. This phenomenon, called occasion setting, is central to modulation-based Pavlovian learning. We conducted two experiments with humans in fear and appetitive conditioning paradigms, training stimuli in differential conditioning, feature-positive discriminations, and feature-negative discriminations. We also investigated the effects of trait anxiety and trait depression on these forms of learning. Results from both experiments showed that participants were able to successfully learn which stimuli predicted the electric shock and monetary reward outcomes. Additionally, as hypothesized, the stimuli trained as occasion setters had little-to-no effect on simple reinforced or non-reinforced stimuli, suggesting the former were indeed occasion setters. Lastly, in fear conditioning, trait anxiety was associated with increases in fear of occasion setter/conditional stimulus compounds; in appetitive conditioning, trait depression was associated with lower expectations of monetary reward for the trained negative occasion setting compound and transfer of the negative occasion setter to the simple reinforced stimulus. These results suggest that clinically anxious individuals may have enhanced fear of occasion setting compounds, and clinically depressed individuals may expect less reward with compounds involving the negative occasion setter.
上下文和离散刺激通常会分层影响刺激与结果之间的关联。这种现象被称为情境设定，是基于调制的巴甫洛夫学习的核心。我们在恐惧和食欲条件反射范式中进行了两项人类实验，在差异条件反射、特征正辨别和特征负辨别中训练刺激。我们还研究了特质焦虑和特质抑郁对这些学习形式的影响。两项实验的结果均表明，参与者能够成功学习哪些刺激预示着电击和金钱奖励的结果。此外，正如假设的那样，作为情境设定者训练的刺激对简单的强化或非强化刺激几乎没有影响，这表明前者确实是情境设定者。最后，在恐惧条件反射中，特质焦虑与对情境设定者/条件刺激复合物的恐惧增加有关；在食欲条件反射中，特质抑郁与对训练的负情境设定者复合物质押的金钱奖励的期望降低以及将负情境设定者转移到简单强化刺激有关。这些结果表明，临床焦虑个体可能对情境设定者复合物质押的恐惧增强，而临床抑郁个体可能对涉及负情境设定者的复合物质押的奖励期望降低。
