Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia.
Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb, Croatia; Centre of Excellence for Marine Bioprospecting-BioProCro, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia.
Environ Pollut. 2022 Jan 1;292(Pt B):118440. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118440. Epub 2021 Nov 2.
This study focused on the short-term whole organism bioassays (WOBs) on fish (Danio rerio) and crustaceans (Gammarus fossarum and Daphnia magna) to assess the negative biological effects of water from the major European River Sava and the comparison of the obtained results with in vitro toxicity data (ToxCast database) and Risk Quotient (RQ) methodology. Pollution profiles of five sampling sites along the River Sava were assessed by simultaneous chemical analysis of 562 organic contaminants (OCs) of which 476 were detected. At each sampling site, pharmaceuticals/illicit drugs category was mostly represented by their cumulative concentration, followed by categories industrial chemicals, pesticides and hormones. An exposure-activity ratio (EAR) approach based on ToxCast data highlighted steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, antiepileptics/neuroleptics, industrial chemicals and hormones as compounds with the highest biological potential. Summed EAR-based prediction of toxicity showed a good correlation with the estimated toxicity of assessed sampling sites using WOBs. WOBs did not exhibit increased mortality but caused various sub-lethal biological responses that were dependant relative to the sampling site pollution intensity as well as species sensitivity. Exposure of G. fossarum and D. magna to river water-induced lower feeding rates increased GST activity and TBARS levels. Zebrafish D. rerio embryo exhibited a significant decrease in heartbeat rate, failure in pigmentation formation, as well as inhibition of ABC transporters. Nuclear receptor activation was indicated as the biological target of greatest concern based on the EAR approach. A combined approach of short-term WOBs, with a special emphasis on sub-lethal endpoints, and chemical characterization of water samples compared against in vitro toxicity data from the ToxCast database and RQs can provide a comprehensive insight into the negative effect of pollutants on aquatic organisms.
本研究侧重于鱼类（斑马鱼）和甲壳类动物（食蚊鱼和大型蚤）的短期整体生物测定（WOB），以评估来自欧洲主要河流萨瓦河的水对生物的负面影响，并将获得的结果与体外毒性数据（ToxCast 数据库）和风险商（RQ）方法进行比较。通过同时分析 562 种有机污染物（OCs），评估了萨瓦河沿线五个采样点的污染状况，其中 476 种污染物被检出。在每个采样点，药物/非法药物类别主要由其累积浓度表示，其次是工业化学品、农药和激素类别。基于 ToxCast 数据的暴露-活性比（EAR）方法突出了甾体抗炎药、抗生素、抗癫痫药/神经安定药、工业化学品和激素是具有最高生物潜力的化合物。基于 EAR 的毒性总和预测与使用 WOBs 对评估采样点的估计毒性具有良好的相关性。WOB 未显示出死亡率增加，但引起了各种亚致死生物反应，这些反应取决于采样点污染强度以及物种敏感性。暴露于河水会降低食蚊鱼和大型蚤的摄食率，增加 GST 活性和 TBARS 水平。斑马鱼胚胎的心跳率显著降低，色素形成失败，以及 ABC 转运蛋白受到抑制。EAR 方法表明，核受体激活是最受关注的生物靶标。短期 WOB 与水样的化学特征相结合，特别是亚致死终点，并与 ToxCast 数据库和 RQ 的体外毒性数据进行比较，可以全面了解污染物对水生生物的负面影响。
