Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment of Solid Waste, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510070, China.
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
Water Res. 2021 Dec 1;207:117803. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117803. Epub 2021 Oct 26.
Antiviral drugs are among the most common and important classes of pharmaceuticals to treat viral infections, however their continuous emission and persistence in the receiving environment has attracted increasing attention about their potential ecological risks. Here we investigated the occurrence, fate and mass load of 9 antiviral drugs for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and hepatitis B, in 7 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with different treatment processes in Guangdong, China. Totally, 8 target antiviral drugs were detected in the WWTPs influent wastewater, effluent wastewater and sludge, with maximal concentrations up to 7624 ng/L (telbivudine), 568 ng/L (telbivudine), and 2013 ng/g wet weight (telbivudine), respectively. The removal efficiency varied widely between different antiviral drugs, with the mean aqueous removal efficiency and total removal efficiency ranging from -6.2% (nevirapine) to 100% (lamivudine) and -1.2% (nevirapine) to 100% (lamivudine), respectively. Mass balance analysis showed that their elimination was mostly attributed to the biodegradation/biotransformation. The total back-estimated usage and emission of 9 target antiviral drugs were 77.8 t/y and 13.2 t/y in Guangdong province, China, respectively. Based on the sewage epidemiology approach, the consumption and emission of antiviral drugs in seven studied WWTPs were ranged at 2.31 mg/d/1000 people (nevirapine) to 4970 mg/d/1000 people (telbivudine), and 0 (lamivudine) to 900 mg/d/1000 people (telbivudine), respectively. Preliminary risk assessment showed that the antiviral drugs of zidovudine, ritonavir, lopinavir, and telbivudine in the receiving rivers could pose high ecological risks for aquatic environment. The findings from the present study illustrate the persistence of nevirapine in WWTPs, and provide essential evidence for further study into the development of wastewater treatment technologies.
抗病毒药物是治疗病毒感染最常见和最重要的药物类别之一，但它们在受纳环境中的持续排放和持久性引起了人们对其潜在生态风险的越来越多的关注。在这里，我们调查了中国广东省 7 家具有不同处理工艺的污水处理厂（WWTP）中用于治疗获得性免疫缺陷综合征和乙型肝炎的 9 种抗病毒药物的发生、命运和质量负荷。总共在 WWTP 的进水、出水和污泥中检测到 8 种目标抗病毒药物，浓度高达 7624ng/L（替比夫定）、568ng/L（替比夫定）和 2013ng/g 湿重（替比夫定）。不同抗病毒药物的去除效率差异很大，平均水相去除效率和总去除效率范围分别为-6.2%（奈韦拉平）至 100%（拉米夫定）和-1.2%（奈韦拉平）至 100%（拉米夫定）。质量平衡分析表明，它们的消除主要归因于生物降解/转化。在中国广东省，9 种目标抗病毒药物的总回算用量和排放量分别为 77.8 吨/年和 13.2 吨/年。基于污水流行病学方法，在所研究的 7 个 WWTP 中，抗病毒药物的消耗和排放范围为 2.31mg/d/1000 人（奈韦拉平）至 4970mg/d/1000 人（替比夫定）和 0（拉米夫定）至 900mg/d/1000 人（替比夫定）。初步风险评估表明，受纳河流中齐多夫定、利托那韦、洛匹那韦和替比夫定的抗病毒药物可能对水生环境构成高生态风险。本研究的结果说明了奈韦拉平在 WWTP 中的持久性，并为进一步研究开发污水处理技术提供了重要证据。
