Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta, 3451, Egypt.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2022 Mar;29(14):20892-20905. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-17347-z. Epub 2021 Nov 6.
Changes in land-use/land-cover (LULC) give rise to several environmental problems which modify the microclimate of a region. Therefore, land surface temperature (LST) is a significant environmental variable that is appreciably influenced by LULC changes. The main aim of this research was to quantify the impacts of LULC changes from the drying of Toshka Lakes on LST by remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) techniques. Landsat series Thematic Mapper (TM) and Operational Land Imager (OLI) satellite images were used to estimate LST from 2001 to 2019. Automated Water Extraction Index (AWEI) was applied to the mosaicked Landsat images to extract water bodies from the research area. Optimized Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (OSAVI) was utilized to predict the reclaimed land in the Toshka region until 2019. The kappa coefficient had been involved in this research to assess the accuracy of water extraction. The results indicated a decrease in the lakes by about 1517.79 km with an average increase in LST by about 25.02 °C from 2001 to 2019. It was observed that the dried areas of the lakes were converted to bare soil and are covered by salt crusts. The results indicated that the land-use change was a significant driver for the increased LST. The mean annual LST increased considerably by 0.6 °C/year from 2009 to 2019. A strong negative correlation between LST and Toshka Lakes area (R-square = 0.98) estimated from regression analysis implied that Toshka Lakes drying considerably affected the microclimate of the study area. Severe drought conditions, soil degradation, and many environmental issues were predicted due to the rise of LST in the research area. The findings of this research focus on the benefits of satellite data for assessing human-induced changes and their impacts on microclimate. There is an urgent need to develop favorable strategies for sustainable environmental management in the Toshka region.
土地利用/土地覆盖（LULC）的变化引发了一系列环境问题，这些问题改变了一个地区的小气候。因此，地表温度（LST）是一个重要的环境变量，它受到 LULC 变化的显著影响。本研究的主要目的是通过遥感和地理信息系统（GIS）技术量化托什卡湖干涸导致的土地利用/土地覆盖变化对 LST 的影响。利用 Landsat 系列专题制图仪（TM）和操作陆地成像仪（OLI）卫星图像，从 2001 年到 2019 年估算 LST。自动水体提取指数（AWEI）被应用于镶嵌的 Landsat 图像，以从研究区域中提取水体。优化土壤调整植被指数（OSAVI）用于预测托什卡地区的开垦土地直到 2019 年。本研究涉及kappa 系数，以评估水体提取的准确性。结果表明，到 2019 年，湖泊减少了约 1517.79 平方公里，LST 平均增加了约 25.02°C。观测到湖泊干涸区域已转变为裸土，并覆盖着盐壳。结果表明，土地利用变化是导致 LST 升高的重要驱动因素。2009 年至 2019 年，年平均 LST 增加了约 0.6°C/年。回归分析估算的 LST 与托什卡湖面积之间的强负相关（R 平方=0.98）表明，托什卡湖的干涸对研究区域的小气候产生了重大影响。由于研究区域 LST 的升高，预计会出现严重的干旱条件、土壤退化和许多环境问题。本研究的结论侧重于卫星数据在评估人为变化及其对小气候影响方面的优势。迫切需要制定托什卡地区可持续环境管理的有利战略。
