Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Mexico.
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021 Oct 20;12:746924. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.746924. eCollection 2021.
The hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid-axis (HPT) is one of the main neuroendocrine axes that control energy expenditure. The activity of hypophysiotropic thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) neurons is modulated by nutritional status, energy demands and stress, all of which are sex dependent. Sex dimorphism has been associated with sex steroids whose concentration vary along the life-span, but also to sex chromosomes that define not only sexual characteristics but the expression of relevant genes. In this review we describe sex differences in basal HPT axis activity and in its response to stress and to metabolic challenges in experimental animals at different stages of development, as well as some of the limited information available on humans. Literature review was accomplished by searching in Pubmed under the following words: "sex dimorphic" or "sex differences" or "female" or "women" and "thyrotropin" or "thyroid hormones" or "deiodinases" and "energy homeostasis" or "stress". The most representative articles were discussed, and to reduce the number of references, selected reviews were cited.
下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺轴（HPT）是控制能量消耗的主要神经内分泌轴之一。促甲状腺素释放激素（TRH）神经元的活性受营养状况、能量需求和应激的调节，所有这些都与性别有关。性别二态性与性激素有关，性激素的浓度随寿命而变化，但也与性染色体有关，性染色体不仅决定了性特征，还决定了相关基因的表达。在这篇综述中，我们描述了在不同发育阶段的实验动物中，基础 HPT 轴活性及其对应激和代谢挑战的反应存在性别差异，以及在人类中获得的一些有限信息。文献综述是通过在 Pubmed 中搜索以下关键词完成的：“性别二态性”或“性别差异”或“女性”或“妇女”和“促甲状腺素”或“甲状腺激素”或“脱碘酶”和“能量稳态”或“应激”。讨论了最具代表性的文章，并为了减少参考文献的数量，引用了一些综述。
