Könönen M, Nyström M, Kleemola-Kujala E, Kataja M, Evälahti M, Laine P, Peck L
Acta Odontol Scand. 1987 Apr;45(2):109-14. doi: 10.3109/00016358709098365.
The prevalences of subjective symptoms and clinical signs of craniomandibular (CM) disorders, orofacial parafunctions, and occlusal conditions were determined in a series of Finnish children (n = 166). All were first interviewed, and then 156 of them were examined clinically. Fifty-two per cent of the children reported at least one subjective symptom, and 75% at least one parafunctional habit. Clinical signs were common but rarely severe in accordance with Helkimo's clinical dysfunction index (Di). Both the number of subjective symptoms (p less than 0.001) and the number of orofacial parafunctions (p less than 0.05) correlated with the clinical dysfunction index.
在一系列芬兰儿童（n = 166）中，确定了颅下颌（CM）疾病、口面部副功能和咬合状况的主观症状及临床体征的患病率。所有儿童均先接受访谈，然后其中156名接受临床检查。52%的儿童报告至少有一种主观症状，75%的儿童报告至少有一种副功能习惯。根据赫尔基莫临床功能指数（Di），临床体征很常见但很少严重。主观症状的数量（p < 0.001）和口面部副功能的数量（p < 0.05）均与临床功能指数相关。
