Department of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Northeastern University Marine Science Center, Nahant, Massachusetts, USA; email:
Annu Rev Anim Biosci. 2022 Feb 15;10:39-62. doi: 10.1146/annurev-animal-081221-064325. Epub 2021 Nov 8.
Antarctic notothenioid fishes are the classic example of vertebrate adaptive radiation in a marine environment. Notothenioids diversified from a single common ancestor ∼22 Mya to between 120 and 140 species today, and they represent ∼90% of fish biomass on the continental shelf of Antarctica. As they diversified in the cold Southern Ocean, notothenioids evolved numerous traits, including osteopenia, anemia, cardiomegaly, dyslipidemia, and aglomerular kidneys, that are beneficial or tolerated in their environment but are pathological in humans. Thus, notothenioids are models for understanding adaptive radiations, physiological and biochemical adaptations to extreme environments, and genetic mechanisms of human disease. Since 2014, 16 notothenioid genomes have been published, which enable a first-pass holistic analysis of the notothenioid radiation and the genetic underpinnings of novel notothenioid traits. Here, we review the notothenioid radiation from a genomic perspective and integrate our insights with recent observations from other fish radiations.
南极鳕鱼是海洋环境中脊椎动物适应性辐射的经典范例。从约 2200 万年前的单一共同祖先开始，鳕鱼已经多样化到今天的 120 到 140 种，它们代表了南极洲大陆架上约 90%的鱼类生物量。随着它们在寒冷的南大洋中多样化，鳕鱼进化出了许多特征，包括骨质疏松症、贫血、心脏肥大、血脂异常和无肾小球肾脏等，这些特征在它们的环境中是有益的或可以耐受的，但在人类中则是病理性的。因此，鳕鱼是理解适应性辐射、对极端环境的生理和生化适应以及人类疾病遗传机制的模型。自 2014 年以来，已经发表了 16 种鳕鱼基因组，这使得对鳕鱼辐射和新型鳕鱼特征的遗传基础进行全面分析成为可能。在这里，我们从基因组的角度回顾了鳕鱼的辐射，并将我们的见解与来自其他鱼类辐射的最新观察结果结合起来。
