Marshall F F
Urol Clin North Am. 1978 Feb;5(1):3-15.
The urinary and genital systems are closely related in their development so that dividing them into separate divisions is often artificial. The lower urinary system begins as a cloaca. The urorectal septum then divides the cloaca into a ventral urogenital sinus and a dorsal hindgut. The ureteral bud forms off the mesonephric duct. The male and female genital systems are the same until the gonad assumes characteristics of the testis or ovary in the eighth week of gestation. It is not until the eleventh or twelfth week that the external genitalia assume specific sexual characteristics. Anomalies of the urethra and bladder can vary from a severe epispadias-exstrophy complex to a minimal Type I urethral valve. Ureteral anomalies include duplications, ectopia, and ureteroceles. An undescended testis is probably the most common anomaly in the male genital tract. Female genital anomalies can include a variety of uterine duplication anomalies. Gonadal abnormalities are often created by a chromosomal defect and are ultimately reflected by abnormal sexual differentiation.
泌尿系统和生殖系统在发育过程中密切相关，因此将它们划分为不同的部分往往是人为的。下泌尿系统最初是泄殖腔。尿直肠隔随后将泄殖腔分为腹侧的泌尿生殖窦和背侧的后肠。输尿管芽从中肾管长出。在妊娠第八周性腺呈现睾丸或卵巢特征之前，男性和女性生殖系统是相同的。直到第十一或十二周，外生殖器才呈现出特定的性特征。尿道和膀胱的异常情况多种多样，从严重的尿道上裂-膀胱外翻综合征到轻微的I型尿道瓣膜不等。输尿管异常包括重复、异位和输尿管囊肿。隐睾可能是男性生殖道最常见的异常情况。女性生殖系统异常可包括多种子宫重复畸形。性腺异常通常由染色体缺陷引起，并最终表现为性分化异常。
