Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA; KBR, Houston, TX, 77002, USA; COSMIAC Research Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA; Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, 21046, USA.
Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2022 Jan;132:908-935. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.055. Epub 2021 Nov 9.
As human space exploration advances to establish a permanent presence beyond the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) with NASA's Artemis mission, researchers are striving to understand and address the health challenges of living and working in the spaceflight environment. Exposure to ionizing radiation, microgravity, isolation and other spaceflight hazards pose significant risks to astronauts. Determining neurobiological and neurobehavioral responses, understanding physiological responses under Central Nervous System (CNS) control, and identifying putative mechanisms to inform countermeasure development are critically important to ensuring brain and behavioral health of crew on long duration missions. Here we provide a detailed and comprehensive review of the effects of spaceflight and of ground-based spaceflight analogs, including simulated weightlessness, social isolation, and ionizing radiation on humans and animals. Further, we discuss dietary and non-dietary countermeasures including artificial gravity and antioxidants, among others. Significant future work is needed to ensure that neural, sensorimotor, cognitive and other physiological functions are maintained during extended deep space missions to avoid potentially catastrophic health and safety outcomes.
随着人类太空探索的推进，美国宇航局的阿尔忒弥斯任务将在近地轨道（LEO）之外建立永久存在，研究人员正在努力理解和应对在太空飞行环境中生活和工作的健康挑战。电离辐射、微重力、隔离和其他太空飞行危害对宇航员构成重大风险。确定神经生物学和神经行为反应，了解中枢神经系统（CNS）控制下的生理反应，以及确定潜在机制以提供对策开发信息，对于确保长期任务中机组人员的大脑和行为健康至关重要。在这里，我们详细全面地回顾了太空飞行以及地面太空飞行模拟的影响，包括模拟失重、社会隔离和电离辐射对人类和动物的影响。此外，我们还讨论了饮食和非饮食对策，包括人工重力和抗氧化剂等。需要开展大量未来工作，以确保在扩展的深空任务中维持神经、感觉运动、认知和其他生理功能，避免潜在的灾难性健康和安全后果。
