Mineral-modulated Co catalyst with enhanced adsorption and dissociation of BH for hydrogenation of p-nitrophenol to p-aminophenol.

Slow adsorption and dissociation kinetics of NaBH onto the catalyst surface limit the hydrogenation reduction of hazardous p-nitrophenol to worthy p-aminophenol. Herein, we design a mineral-modulated catalyst to facilitate the rate-limiting step. Carbon-coated etched attapulgite (EAtp@C) is obtained by HF treatment. Co/EAtp@C is fabricated via anchoring cobalt nanoparticles (CoNPs) on the carrier EAtp@C. Compared to pure Co, the anchored CoNPs are more electronegative and stable, which provides abundant and stable active sites and accelerates the BH adsorption and dissociation. Therefore, Co/EAtp@C leads to nearly 100% reduction of p-nitrophenol to p-aminophenol within 8 min and its apparent rate constant K (0.69 min) is 4 times higher than that of pure Co. Thermodynamic calculations show a lower activation energy (37.92 kJ mol-1) of Co/EAtp@C catalyst than that of pure Co. Co/EAtp@C also shows magnetic separability and good stability by remaining 98.6% of catalytic conversion rate after six cycles. Significantly, we detect the active species Co-H, and reveal the electron transfer mechanism between catalysts, BH, and p-nitrophenol by electrochemical method. These results offer a fundamental insight into the catalytic mechanism of p-nitrophenol hydrogenation for rational design of efficient catalysts.