Schleim Stephan
Theory and History of Psychology, Heymans Institute for Psychological Research, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.
Front Hum Neurosci. 2021 Oct 27;15:703308. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.703308. eCollection 2021.
Scholars from various disciplines discuss the ethical, legal, and social implications of neurotechnology. Some have proposed four concrete "neurorights". This review presents the research of two pioneers in brain stimulation from the 1950s to 1970s, José M. R. Delgado and Elliot S. Valenstein, who also reflected upon the ethical, legal, and social aspects of their and other scientists' related research. Delgado even formulated the vision "toward a psychocivilized society" where brain stimulation is used to control, in particular, citizens' aggressive and violent behavior. Valenstein, by contrast, believed that the brain is not organized in such a way to allow the control or even removal of only negative processes without at the same time diminishing desirable ones. The paper also describes how animal and human experimentation on brain stimulation was carried out in that time period. It concludes with a contemporary perspective on the relevance of neurotechnology for neuroethics, neurolaw, and neurorights, including two recent examples for brain-computer interfaces.
来自各个学科的学者讨论了神经技术的伦理、法律和社会影响。一些人提出了四项具体的“神经权利”。本综述介绍了20世纪50年代至70年代脑刺激领域两位先驱者何塞·M·R·德尔加多（José M. R. Delgado）和埃利奥特·S·瓦伦斯坦（Elliot S. Valenstein）的研究，他们也对自己以及其他科学家相关研究的伦理、法律和社会方面进行了思考。德尔加多甚至提出了“走向精神文明社会”的愿景，即在这个社会中，脑刺激尤其被用于控制公民的攻击和暴力行为。相比之下，瓦伦斯坦认为，大脑的组织方式不允许在不削弱有益过程的同时，仅控制或消除负面过程。本文还描述了那个时期对动物和人类进行脑刺激实验的方式。文章最后从当代视角探讨了神经技术与神经伦理、神经法律和神经权利的相关性，包括两个脑机接口的最新例子。
