Addiction Department, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Eur Addict Res. 2022;28(2):87-102. doi: 10.1159/000519886. Epub 2021 Nov 18.
Places where people deal and/or use drugs publicly are known as open drug scenes (ODSs). Drug-related community impacts (DRCIs) refer to drug-related issues that negatively influence public and individual health, communities, businesses, and recreational and public space enjoyment. There are no well-established criteria for identification of DRCIs. We therefore performed a scoping review of literature to determine DRCIs indicators associated with ODSs.
The review was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScP). We searched English articles in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and EMBASE databases from 1990 to 2021. The keywords were drug-related crime, drug-related offense, misconduct, social marginalization, homeless drug users, open drug scene, drug-related street disorder, public nuisance, and community impact.
Sixty-four studies were identified. Twenty-five studies were included. Two studies (8%) were about drug-related public nuisance, 1 (4%) considered drug-related social problems, 2 (8%) focused on drug-related social disorder, and 18 studies (72%) discussed indicators of community impacts such as crime, drug-related litter, safety, noise, and drug use in public. Two studies (8%) included the frequency of drug use in ODSs.
DRCI indicators are heterogenic, and various factors affect the indicators. The factors include social mores, political discourse, and historical approaches to dealing with and using drugs. Some societies do not tolerate the existence of ODSs. In contrast, many countries have adopted harm reduction programs to manage DRCIs. Identified DRCI indicators were drug using and dealing in public, drug-related litter, crime, drug-related loitering, street-based income generation activities, noise, and unsafety feelings in inhabitants. To solve the problems associated with DRCIs and to make a major change in ODSs, it is necessary to pay attention to the improvement of the economic conditions (e.g., employment opportunities), amendment (e.g., determine the limits of criminalization in drug use), and adoption of social policies (e.g., providing low-threshold and supportive services for homeless drug users).
人们公开交易和/或使用毒品的地方被称为公开毒品场所（ODS）。与毒品相关的社区影响（DRCI）是指对公共和个人健康、社区、企业以及娱乐和公共空间享受产生负面影响的与毒品相关的问题。目前还没有确定 DRCI 的既定标准。因此，我们进行了文献范围综述，以确定与 ODS 相关的 DRCI 指标。
使用系统评价和荟萃分析扩展的首选报告项目（PRISMA-ScP）进行综述。我们从 1990 年到 2021 年在 PubMed、Scopus、Web of Science 和 EMBASE 数据库中搜索了英文文章。关键词是与毒品有关的犯罪、与毒品有关的犯罪、不当行为、社会边缘化、无家可归的吸毒者、公开毒品场所、与毒品有关的街头混乱、公共滋扰和社区影响。
确定了 64 项研究。25 项研究被纳入。两项研究（8%）涉及与毒品有关的公共滋扰，一项研究（4%）考虑了与毒品有关的社会问题，两项研究（8%）侧重于与毒品有关的社会混乱，18 项研究（72%）讨论了犯罪、与毒品有关的垃圾、安全、噪音和公共场所使用毒品等社区影响的指标。两项研究（8%）包括 ODS 中吸毒的频率。
DRCI 指标是异质的，各种因素影响指标。这些因素包括社会习俗、政治话语以及处理和使用毒品的历史方法。一些社会不容忍 ODS 的存在。相比之下，许多国家都采用了减少伤害方案来管理 DRCI。确定的 DRCI 指标包括公共吸毒和交易、与毒品有关的垃圾、犯罪、与毒品有关的闲逛、以街头为基础的创收活动、噪音和居民的不安全感。为了解决与 DRCI 相关的问题并对 ODS 进行重大改变，有必要关注经济条件的改善（例如，就业机会）、修订（例如，确定吸毒行为的刑事定罪界限）和社会政策的采用（例如，为无家可归的吸毒者提供低门槛和支持性服务）。
