Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental Sciences, and Morpho-Functional Imaging, Polyclinic Hospital University, Avenue C. Valeria 1, Messina, Italy.
Medicine (Baltimore). 2021 Nov 19;100(46):e27847. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000027847.
Excessively increased training volume and/or intensity and competition can lead to development of overtraining syndrome, causing a performance decrement in athletes. Tracking individual response to exercise intensity is crucial for establishing recovery strategies.We assessed the exercise intensity-dependent variability of stress response biomarkers, namely cortisol (C), testosterone (T), s-IgA, and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), in saliva samples of teenage elite water polo players. Saliva was collected on a day of training match (T1) and a day of competitive match (T2), at morning, before and after match.Cortisol/proteins and testosterone/proteins concentrations decreased throughout day T1, whereas increased throughout day T2. The highest values were measured after match on day T2 (2.5 ± 0.5 vs 14.6 ± 6.3 ng/mg; 0.061 ± 0.024 vs 0.371 ± 0.15 ng/mg, respectively). sIgA/proteins and AOPP/proteins concentrations increased throughout both days, and were higher after T2 match than T1 one (respectively, 1073.0 ± 438.2 vs 71.0 ± 17.3 μg/mg; 78.05 ± 24.2 vs 15.98 ± 3.16 nmol/mg, P = .003). Significant differences between concentrations of different biomarkers recorded on T1 and T2 were found only for AOPP, suggesting an increased oxidative stress on day T2. Free testosterone/cortisol ratio on day T2 was lower than that at morning (0.053 ± 0.021 vs 0.107 ± 0.031), indicating an increased catabolic response after competitive match.A highly significant positive correlation was found between Cortisol/Proteins and Testosterone as well as s-IgA/Proteins on day T1, and between Cortisol/Proteins and AOPP on day T2.In conclusion, we found that different types of activities, such a training or competitive session can affect the hormonal response, immunity, and oxidative stress, thereby modulating athletic performance.Our findings also confirm the usefulness of saliva testing as noninvasive way for monitoring the individual response to changes in exercise intensity in teenage elite water polo players.
过度增加训练量和/或强度以及比赛会导致过度训练综合征的发展，从而导致运动员表现下降。跟踪个体对运动强度的反应对于制定恢复策略至关重要。我们评估了青少年精英水球运动员唾液样本中应激反应生物标志物（即皮质醇（C）、睾酮（T）、s-IgA 和高级氧化蛋白产物（AOPP））的运动强度依赖性变异性。在训练比赛日（T1）和比赛日（T2）的早晨、比赛前后收集唾液。T1 全天，皮质醇/蛋白和睾酮/蛋白浓度下降，而 T2 全天增加。T2 比赛后测量到的最高值（分别为 2.5±0.5 和 14.6±6.3ng/mg；0.061±0.024 和 0.371±0.15ng/mg）。sIgA/蛋白和 AOPP/蛋白浓度在两天内均增加，T2 比赛后高于 T1 比赛（分别为 1073.0±438.2 和 71.0±17.3μg/mg；78.05±24.2 和 15.98±3.16nmol/mg，P=0.003）。仅在 AOPP 中发现 T1 和 T2 记录的不同生物标志物浓度之间存在显著差异，表明 T2 日氧化应激增加。T2 日游离睾酮/皮质醇比值低于早晨（0.053±0.021 和 0.107±0.031），表明竞争性比赛后分解代谢反应增加。T1 日发现皮质醇/蛋白和睾酮以及 s-IgA/蛋白之间存在高度显著的正相关，T2 日发现皮质醇/蛋白和 AOPP 之间存在正相关。总之，我们发现不同类型的活动，如训练或比赛会影响激素反应、免疫和氧化应激，从而调节运动表现。我们的研究结果还证实了唾液测试作为监测青少年精英水球运动员运动强度变化个体反应的非侵入性方法的有用性。
