Revranche M, Biscond M, Husky M M
Laboratoire de psychologie EA4139, université de Bordeaux, 3, place de la Victoire, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
Laboratoire de psychologie EA4139, université de Bordeaux, 3, place de la Victoire, 33076 Bordeaux, France.
Encephale. 2022 Apr;48(2):206-218. doi: 10.1016/j.encep.2021.08.006. Epub 2021 Nov 18.
This study aimed to update the scientific knowledge concerning the relationship between the use of social networking sites and body image among adolescents.
A preregistered systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines and allowed to include 30 peer-reviewed articles for qualitative analysis, consisting of 26 unique samples (n=31,331; M=14.89; SD=1.07). The search was conducted on Pubmed, PsychInfo and Scopus focusing on studies that included any social network site use and body image measures while being based on general population adolescent samples. Social networking site use referred: 1) to any online activities such as browsing, posting, editing selfies, liking, commenting; 2) to any exposure to appearance-related content; or 3) to a measure of frequency use. The scope of social networking sites considered in the present review was extended to online video-sharing platforms and online dating applications due to their relationship with appearance. Body image as considered through MeSH terms referred to a wide range of possible outcomes including body and facial dissatisfaction, dysmorphophobia, body surveillance, self-objectification, body shame, weight concerns, self-monitoring. Any mental health outcome was extracted when available although its absence was not an exclusion criterion..
Among the 30 studies included in the review, 22 were cross-sectional, seven were longitudinal and one had an experimental design. Overall, among studies based on unique samples, 18 studies included both males and females (n=28,081; M 14.84; SD=1.06), seven were based exclusively on female samples (n=2,507; M 14.87; SD=1.19), while one study recruited only male adolescents (n=743; M 15.90; SD=0.54). Only six studies were based on representative samples. These studies reported a robust association between frequency of social networking site use and negative body image among both females and males. In addition, exposure to appearance-related content was also deleterious to body image. The association between the use of social media and negative body image may involve negative mental health outcomes, such as depressive symptoms, low body esteem and problematic use of social media. Measuring specific activities on social network sites or exposure to appearance-related content (e.g. selfies editing; selfies posting) may be more accurate than using a frequency of overall use (e.g. during the past month) when predicting body image. Studies addressing underlying processes supported that the relationship between use of social media and body image may not be direct but rather involve intermediary steps on both cognitive and social levels, namely internalization of the thin ideal, self-objectification, peer appearance-related feedback, ascendant social comparison with peers and celebrities. Also, it remains unclear whether mental health mediates this relationship.
The association between the use of social networking sites and negative body image is robustly supported in the literature. However, studies measuring frequency of overall use may instead be predicting negative body image with a nested measure of the use of social network sites, namely specific activities involving appearance-related content. Due to the observed discrepancies between self-reported frequency of social networking site use and actual use in methodological literature, future research may rather measure behaviors commonly encountered on a given platform. Furthermore, there is a need to distinguish specific site categories such as highly visual social media when focusing on body image outcomes. . Focusing on specific social media platforms may in turn lead to more targeted prevention regarding a safe utilization of social networking sites among adolescents. Despite the growing body of research concerning the association between social media and body image, the current review underlines that additional longitudinal and experimental studies are needed to investigate potential bidirectional effects, as well as studies based on representative samples to improve generalization to adolescent populations.
本研究旨在更新有关青少年使用社交网站与身体意象之间关系的科学知识。
按照PRISMA指南进行了一项预先注册的系统评价，纳入30篇经同行评审的文章进行定性分析，包括26个独特样本（n = 31331；M = 14.89；SD = 1.07）。在PubMed、PsychInfo和Scopus上进行检索，重点关注基于普通青少年样本、包含任何社交网站使用情况和身体意象测量的研究。社交网站使用情况指：1）任何在线活动，如浏览、发布、编辑自拍、点赞、评论；2）任何接触与外貌相关内容的情况；或3）使用频率的测量。由于在线视频分享平台和在线约会应用与外貌有关，本综述中考虑的社交网站范围扩展到了这些平台。通过医学主题词（MeSH）术语考虑的身体意象指一系列可能的结果，包括身体和面部不满、畸形恐惧症、身体监测、自我物化、身体羞耻、体重担忧、自我监控。如有可用的任何心理健康结果则提取出来，但其缺失并非排除标准。
在纳入综述的30项研究中，22项为横断面研究，7项为纵向研究，1项为实验设计。总体而言，在基于独特样本的研究中，18项研究包括男性和女性（n = 28081；M = 14.84；SD = 1.06），7项仅基于女性样本（n = 2507；M = 14.87；SD = 1.19），而1项研究仅招募了男性青少年（n = 743；M = 15.90；SD = 0.54）。只有6项研究基于代表性样本。这些研究报告了社交网站使用频率与男性和女性负面身体意象之间的密切关联。此外，接触与外貌相关内容也对身体意象有害。社交媒体使用与负面身体意象之间的关联可能涉及负面心理健康结果，如抑郁症状、低身体自尊和社交媒体使用问题。在预测身体意象时，测量社交网站上的特定活动或接触与外貌相关内容（如编辑自拍；发布自拍）可能比使用总体使用频率（如在过去一个月内）更准确。探讨潜在过程的研究支持，社交媒体使用与身体意象之间的关系可能不是直接的，而是在认知和社会层面都涉及中间步骤，即瘦理想的内化、自我物化、同伴外貌相关反馈、与同伴和名人的上行社会比较。此外，心理健康是否介导这种关系仍不清楚。
社交网站使用与负面身体意象之间的关联在文献中得到了有力支持。然而，测量总体使用频率的研究可能实际上是用社交网站使用的嵌套测量（即涉及与外貌相关内容的特定活动）来预测负面身体意象。由于在方法学文献中观察到社交网站使用的自我报告频率与实际使用之间存在差异，未来研究可能更倾向于测量给定平台上常见的行为。此外，在关注身体意象结果时，有必要区分特定的网站类别，如高度视觉化的社交媒体。关注特定的社交媒体平台可能进而导致针对青少年安全使用社交网站的更有针对性的预防措施。尽管关于社交媒体与身体意象之间关联的研究越来越多，但当前综述强调，需要更多的纵向和实验研究来调查潜在的双向影响，以及基于代表性样本的研究以提高对青少年群体的普遍性。
