Animal architecture.

Many animals shape and modify their physical environment, thereby creating a diversity of structures, from underground burrows to constructed nests to towering above-ground edifices, all of which are referred to as 'animal architecture'. Examples of animal architecture are found everywhere on Earth: beneath the sea and on land, below and above ground, and hanging into the air off trees and precipices. Fossils suggest that animals have been acting as architects by constructing shelters and other built structures for hundreds of millions of years. Animal architects are widespread taxonomically, spanning invertebrates (Figure 1) and vertebrates (Figure 2). Their architectural creations are diverse, including: the fortress-like mounds of termites, the housing markets of architecturally remodeled shells of social hermit crabs, the subterranean tunnel systems of naked mole rats, the intricately decorated bowers of bowerbirds or the engineered dams of beavers. Even the tallest of human architecture is rivaled by animal architecture: termite mounds exceed skyscrapers in their size relative to that of the architects. Animal architecture raises many fascinating questions at the interface of behavior, ecology and evolution: How is this architecture built? What instinctive 'blueprints' or cognitive mechanisms underlie its creation? What functions does the architecture serve? And why did it evolve? Notably, because architecture changes the world, it may have far-reaching impacts on collective behavior and social life, interactions among communities of species and whole ecosystems. Architecture may even have altered the very course of evolution.