Two-dimensional materials for electrochemical CO reduction: materials, / characterizations, and perspective.

Electrochemical CO reduction (CO ECR) is an efficient approach to achieving eco-friendly energy generation and environmental sustainability. This approach is capable of lowering the CO greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere while producing various valuable fuels and products. For catalytic CO ECR, two-dimensional (2D) materials stand as promising catalyst candidates due to their superior electrical conductivity, abundant dangling bonds, and tremendous amounts of surface active sites. On the other hand, the investigations on fundamental reaction mechanisms in CO ECR are highly demanded but usually require advanced and multimodal characterizations. This review summarizes recent advances in the development, engineering, and structure-activity relationships of 2D materials for CO ECR. Furthermore, we overview state-of-the-art and characterization techniques, which are used to investigate the catalytic reaction mechanisms with the spatial resolution from the micron-scale to the atomic scale, and with the temporal resolution from femtoseconds to seconds. Finally, we conclude this review by outlining challenges and opportunities for future development in this field.