Rahman Saif Ur, Chaudhry Imran Sharif, Meo Muhammad Saeed, Sheikh Salman Maqsood, Idrees Sadia
Superior University, Lahore, Pakistan.
School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2022 Apr;29(16):23871-23886. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-17525-z. Epub 2021 Nov 24.
The core purpose of the study is to examine the asymmetric effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) and population health (measured by life expectancy index). The study takes time series data for 1980-2020. The non-linear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) bound testing to cointegration approach is applied to scrutinize an asymmetric association among foreign direct investment, government expenditures, trade openness, public debt, and population health. The study also used an asymmetric causality test to investigate the causal association between the measured variables. The findings affirm that cointegration exists between the variables in the occurrence of asymmetries. The asymmetric causality outcomes confirm that only positive changes in FDI have bidirectional causality to life expectancy while negative shocks have unidirectional that runs from FDI to life expectancy. The government expenditure and foreign direct investment also provided evidence of social sector health welfare in Pakistan. The output shows that increasing government expenditure can cause an increase in life expectancy while decreasing government expenditure can cause a decrease in life expectancy. The study found that investment in health care medical services is paramount to better results as far as government assistance (welfare) gains. The outcomes of the study have given numerous policy suggestions to boost life expectancy in the general public of Pakistan.
该研究的核心目的是考察外国直接投资（FDI）与人口健康（以预期寿命指数衡量）之间的不对称效应。该研究采用了1980 - 2020年的时间序列数据。运用非线性自回归分布滞后（NARDL）协整边界检验方法，以审视外国直接投资、政府支出、贸易开放度、公共债务和人口健康之间的不对称关联。该研究还使用了不对称因果关系检验，以调查所测变量之间的因果关联。研究结果证实，在存在不对称性的情况下，变量之间存在协整关系。不对称因果关系结果证实，只有外国直接投资的正向变化对预期寿命具有双向因果关系，而负向冲击具有从外国直接投资到预期寿命的单向因果关系。政府支出和外国直接投资也为巴基斯坦社会部门的健康福利提供了证据。结果表明，增加政府支出会导致预期寿命增加，而减少政府支出会导致预期寿命下降。研究发现，就政府援助（福利）收益而言，对医疗保健服务的投资对于取得更好的成果至关重要。该研究的结果为提高巴基斯坦普通民众的预期寿命提供了诸多政策建议。
