Faculty of Economics, Administrative and Social Sciences, Istanbul Gelisim University, Istanbul, Turkey.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2020 Jul;27(21):26817-26834. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-09024-4. Epub 2020 May 7.
According to the Carbon Brief Profile report by Timperley (2019), India has been identified as the world's 3rd largest emitter of greenhouse gases (GHGs) after China and the USA. Following the Paris Agreement and India's pledge as among the stakeholders at the global climate talks and how fast India ratified the Paris Agreement within a year on the 2nd of October 2016, it is essential to investigate the country's (India) commitment in reducing its emission towards enhancing a positive environmental performance. Both structural breaks, linear autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL), were selected simultaneously for this study, but at a later stage, after being bound to cointegration estimation, the NARDL was dropped because of its inability to sustain the claim of cointegration in the analysis. The rest of the analyses were based on liner ARDL model (short-run and long-run) with diagnostic tests, Granger causality estimation. Ecological Footprint (EFP) was chosen as an indicator to environment because of its richness in measuring the environmental performance. The linear (ARDL) output affirms a positive and significant link among ecological footprint and agriculture, energy use, and population with a negative link between ecological footprint (EFP) and foreign direct investment (FDI). The Granger causality test indicates a one-way transmission passing from agriculture, foreign direct investment, energy use, and population to ecological footprint. Also, a one-way transmission was found passing to economic growth (GDP) from foreign direct investment (FDI) and feedback transmission was found between FDI and energy use. This finding has an implication to both economic and environmental performances; hence, the policy framework should be targeting the enhancement of economy via the foreign direct investment and agriculture with a focus on energy use and environmental performance.
根据蒂珀利（Timperley）在《碳简报简介》报告中的说法，印度已成为继中国和美国之后世界上第三大温室气体（GHG）排放国。继《巴黎协定》和印度作为全球气候谈判利益相关者的承诺，以及印度如何在 2016 年 10 月 2 日一年内迅速批准《巴黎协定》之后，调查该国（印度）在减少排放以提高积极环境绩效方面的承诺至关重要。本研究同时选择了结构性断裂、线性自回归分布滞后（ARDL）和非线性自回归分布滞后（NARDL），但在后来，在受到协整估计的约束之后，由于无法在分析中维持协整的说法，因此放弃了 NARDL。其余分析基于线性 ARDL 模型（短期和长期）和诊断测试、格兰杰因果关系估计。由于其在衡量环境绩效方面的丰富性，生态足迹（EFP）被选为环境指标。线性（ARDL）输出肯定了生态足迹与农业、能源利用和人口之间存在积极且显著的联系，而生态足迹（EFP）与外国直接投资（FDI）之间存在负相关。格兰杰因果关系检验表明，农业、外国直接投资、能源利用和人口对生态足迹存在单向传递。此外，还发现从外国直接投资（FDI）到经济增长（GDP）以及从外国直接投资（FDI）到能源利用存在单向传递，并且在 FDI 和能源利用之间发现了反馈传递。这一发现对经济和环境绩效都有影响；因此，政策框架应通过外国直接投资和农业来关注经济的增长，重点是能源利用和环境绩效。
