居住在非常规天然气作业区的孕妇室内空气和自来水中的挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）：EXPERIVA 研究的结果。
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor air and tap water samples in residences of pregnant women living in an area of unconventional natural gas operations: Findings from the EXPERIVA study.
机构信息
Department of Health and Society, Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Ontario, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Evaluation, University of British Columbia, British Columbia, Canada.
School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, MI, USA.
出版信息
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Jan 20;805:150242. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150242. Epub 2021 Sep 14.
BACKGROUND
Northeastern British Columbia (Canada) is an area of unconventional natural gas (UNG) exploitation by hydraulic fracturing, which can release several contaminants, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs). To evaluate gestational exposure to contaminants in this region, we undertook the Exposures in the Peace River Valley (EXPERIVA) study.
OBJECTIVES
We aimed to: 1) measure VOCs in residential indoor air and tap water from EXPERIVA participants; 2) compare concentrations with those in the general population and explore differences related to sociodemographic and housing characteristics; and 3) determine associations between VOC concentrations and density/proximity to UNG wells.
METHODS
Eighty-five pregnant women participated. Passive air samplers were analyzed for 47 VOCs, and tap water samples were analyzed for 44 VOCs. VOC concentrations were compared with those from the Canadian Health Measure Survey (CHMS). We assessed the association between different metrics of well density/proximity and indoor air and tap water VOC concentrations using multiple linear regression.
RESULTS
40 VOCs were detected in >50% of air samples, whereas only 4 VOCs were detected in >50% of water samples. We observed indoor air concentrations >95th percentile of CHMS in 10-60% of samples for several compounds (acetone, 2-methyl-2-propanol, chloroform, 1,4-dioxane, hexanal, m/p-xylene, o-xylene, styrene, decamethylcyclopentasiloxane, dodecane and decanal). Indoor air levels of chloroform and tap water levels of total trihalomethanes were higher in Indigenous participants compared to non-Indigenous participants. Indoor air levels of chloroform and acetone, and tap water levels of total trihalomethanes were positively associated with UNG wells density/proximity metrics. Indoor air BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes) levels were positively correlated with some well density/proximity metrics.
CONCLUSION
Our results suggest higher exposure to certain VOCs in pregnant women living in an area of intense unconventional natural gas exploitation compared with the general Canadian population, and that well density/proximity is associated with increased exposure to certain VOCs.
背景
加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省东北部（加拿大）是水力压裂非常规天然气（UNG）开采的一个地区，这可能会释放包括挥发性有机化合物（VOC）在内的多种污染物。为了评估该地区孕妇接触污染物的情况，我们开展了“和平河谷暴露研究”（EXPOSURES IN THE PEACE RIVER VALLEY，简称 EXPERIVA）。
目的
我们旨在：1）测量 EXPERIVA 参与者的住宅室内空气和自来水中的挥发性有机化合物（VOC）；2）将浓度与一般人群进行比较，并探索与社会人口学和住房特征相关的差异；3）确定 VOC 浓度与 UNG 井的密度/接近度之间的关系。
方法
85 名孕妇参与了研究。使用被动空气采样器分析了 47 种 VOC，对自来水样本进行了 44 种 VOC 的分析。将 VOC 浓度与加拿大健康测量调查（Canadian Health Measure Survey，简称 CHMS）的结果进行了比较。我们使用多元线性回归评估了不同的井密度/接近度指标与室内空气和自来水 VOC 浓度之间的关系。
结果
40 种 VOC 在>50%的空气样本中被检测到，而只有 4 种 VOC 在>50%的水样中被检测到。我们观察到，在几个化合物中，有 10-60%的样本空气中的浓度超过了 CHMS 第 95 百分位数，这些化合物包括（丙酮、2-甲基-2-丙醇、氯仿、1,4-二恶烷、己醛、间/对二甲苯、邻二甲苯、苯乙烯、十甲基环五硅氧烷、十二烷和癸醛）。与非原住民参与者相比，原住民参与者的室内空气中氯仿浓度和自来水中总三卤甲烷水平更高。室内空气中的氯仿和丙酮浓度，以及自来水中的总三卤甲烷水平与 UNG 井密度/接近度指标呈正相关。室内空气 BTEX（苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯）水平与某些井密度/接近度指标呈正相关。
结论
我们的研究结果表明，与加拿大一般人群相比，居住在非常规天然气密集开采地区的孕妇接触某些 VOC 的程度更高，并且井的密度/接近度与某些 VOC 的接触程度增加有关。
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