Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 16, 1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
Herfølge Dyreklinik, Vordingborgvej 78 A, 4681, Herfølge, Denmark.
Acta Vet Scand. 2021 Nov 24;63(1):46. doi: 10.1186/s13028-021-00612-z.
BACKGROUND: Water treadmills are frequently used in the rehabilitation of dogs, for example with the purpose of re-building muscular strength after surgery. However, little is known about how different water depths and velocities affect the muscular workload during aquatic locomotion. This study used acoustic myography to assess hind limb muscle fiber activation in 25 healthy large-breed dogs walking in a water treadmill. Acoustic myography sensors were attached to the skin over the vastus lateralis of the quadriceps and the biceps femoris muscles. The dogs walked at two velocities (30 and 50 m/min) and four water depths: bottom of the pads, hock, stifle and mid-femur. Acoustic myograph signals were analyzed for changes in three muscle function parameters: efficiency/coordination (E-score) and spatial (S-score) and temporal (T-score) summation. RESULTS: Differences between E, S, and T were statistically significant compared across different speeds (30, 50) and water levels (0, 1, 2, 3) using a one-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons (Tukey; Geisser-Greenhouse correction) as well as a two-tailed one sample t-test. At 50 m/min in water at the mid-femur, the biceps femoris was less efficient (P < 0.001) and recruited more fibers (P = 0.01) at a higher firing rate (P = 0.03) compared to working in shallower water, while the vastus lateralis was also less efficient (P < 0.01), but spatial and temporal summation did not change significantly. At 30 m/min, biceps efficiency was reduced (P < 0.01) when water was at the mid-femur compared to the bottom of the pads level. Walking in stifle- or hock-deep water did not show increased muscle activation for either muscle compared to walking in water at the bottom of the pads. CONCLUSION: More muscle activation was required to walk in water at a depth at the level of the mid-femur compared to shallower water, and this exercise was more demanding for the biceps femoris, a muscle engaged in propulsion, than for vastus lateralis. These findings may help practitioners towards making more precise rehabilitation protocols.
背景：水跑步机常用于狗的康复，例如用于手术后重建肌肉力量。然而，对于不同的水深和速度如何影响水生运动中的肌肉工作量知之甚少。本研究使用声学肌电图评估 25 只健康大型犬在水跑步机中行走时后肢肌肉纤维的激活情况。将声学肌电图传感器附着在股四头肌的股外侧肌和二头肌的皮肤表面。狗以两种速度（30 和 50 m/min）和四种水深（足垫底部、跗关节、膝关节和股骨中部）行走。分析声学肌电图信号以改变三个肌肉功能参数：效率/协调性（E 评分）和空间（S 评分）和时间（T 评分）总和。
结果：使用单向方差分析和多重比较（Tukey；Geisser-Greenhouse 校正）以及双尾单样本 t 检验，与不同速度（30、50）和水位（0、1、2、3）相比，E、S 和 T 之间的差异具有统计学意义。在 50 m/min 的水中，当水深达到股骨中部时，二头肌的效率较低（P<0.001），募集的纤维更多（P=0.01），放电频率更高（P=0.03），与在较浅的水中工作相比，而股外侧肌的效率也较低（P<0.01），但空间和时间总和没有明显变化。在 30 m/min 时，与足垫底部水平相比，当水深达到股骨中部时，二头肌的效率降低（P<0.01）。与在足垫底部的水中行走相比，在跗关节或膝关节深处行走时，两种肌肉的肌肉激活均未增加。
结论：与较浅的水相比，在股骨中部的水深行走需要更多的肌肉激活，而这种运动对参与推进的二头肌的要求高于股外侧肌。这些发现可能有助于从业者制定更精确的康复方案。
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