Population dynamics of the glacial relict amphipods in a subarctic lake: role of density-dependent and density-independent factors.

Relative role of intrinsic density-dependent factors (such as inter- and intraspecific competition, predation) and extrinsic density-independent factors (environmental changes) in population dynamics is a key issue in ecology. Density-dependent mechanisms are considered as important drivers of population dynamics in many vertebrate and insect species; however, their influence on the population dynamics of freshwater invertebrates is not clearly understood. In this study, I examined interannual variations in the abundance of the glacial relict amphipod in a small subarctic lake based on long-term (2002-2019) monitoring data. The results suggest that the population dynamics of amphipods in the lake is influenced by the combined effects of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The reproductive success of amphipod cohorts was inversely related to its initial abundance, indicating it is influenced by density-dependent factors. .  recruitment was negatively correlated with population density and near-bottom temperature but positively correlated with food availability, which is defined as the concentration of chlorophyll . Multiple regression with chlorophyll, temperature, and abundance of parent cohort as independent factors explained about 80% of the variation in the reproductive success of amphipods. The negative correlation between amphipod recruitment and water temperature indicates that the current climate conditions adversely affect the populations of glacial relict amphipods even in cold-water lakes of the subarctic zone. Results of this study can be useful in environmental assessments to separate population oscillations connected with density-dependent mechanisms from human-mediated changes.