Salama Ahmed, Abouzeid Ragab, Leong Wei Sun, Jeevanandam Jaison, Samyn Pieter, Dufresne Alain, Bechelany Mikhael, Barhoum Ahmed
Cellulose and Paper Department, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt.
University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France.
Nanomaterials (Basel). 2021 Nov 9;11(11):3008. doi: 10.3390/nano11113008.
Nanocelluloses are promising bio-nano-materials for use as water treatment materials in environmental protection and remediation. Over the past decades, they have been integrated via novel nanoengineering approaches for water treatment processes. This review aims at giving an overview of nanocellulose requirements concerning emerging nanotechnologies of waster treatments and purification, i.e., adsorption, absorption, flocculation, photocatalytic degradation, disinfection, antifouling, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis. Firstly, the nanocellulose synthesis methods (mechanical, physical, chemical, and biological), unique properties (sizes, geometries, and surface chemistry) were presented and their use for capturing and removal of wastewater pollutants was explained. Secondly, different chemical modification approaches surface functionalization (with functional groups, polymers, and nanoparticles) for enhancing the surface chemistry of the nanocellulose for enabling the effective removal of specific pollutants (suspended particles, microorganisms, hazardous metals ions, organic dyes, drugs, pesticides fertilizers, and oils) were highlighted. Thirdly, new fabrication approaches (solution casting, thermal treatment, electrospinning, 3D printing) that integrated nanocelluloses (spherical nanoparticles, nanowhiskers, nanofibers) to produce water treatment materials (individual composite nanoparticles, hydrogels, aerogels, sponges, membranes, and nanopapers) were covered. Finally, the major challenges and future perspectives concerning the applications of nanocellulose based materials in water treatment and purification were highlighted.
纳米纤维素是一种很有前景的生物纳米材料，可用于环境保护和修复中的水处理材料。在过去几十年中，它们已通过新颖的纳米工程方法集成到水处理过程中。本综述旨在概述与新兴的废水处理和净化纳米技术相关的纳米纤维素要求，即吸附、吸收、絮凝、光催化降解、消毒、防污、超滤、纳滤和反渗透。首先，介绍了纳米纤维素的合成方法（机械法、物理法、化学法和生物法）、独特性能（尺寸、几何形状和表面化学性质），并解释了它们在捕获和去除废水污染物方面的应用。其次，重点介绍了不同的化学改性方法——表面功能化（使用官能团、聚合物和纳米颗粒），以增强纳米纤维素的表面化学性质，从而有效去除特定污染物（悬浮颗粒、微生物、有害金属离子、有机染料、药物、农药化肥和油类）。第三，涵盖了将纳米纤维素（球形纳米颗粒、纳米晶须、纳米纤维）集成以生产水处理材料（单个复合纳米颗粒、水凝胶、气凝胶、海绵、膜和纳米纸）的新制造方法（溶液浇铸、热处理、静电纺丝、3D打印）。最后，强调了基于纳米纤维素的材料在水处理和净化应用方面的主要挑战和未来前景。
