Anatskaya O V, Vinogradov A E
Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064 Russia.
Mol Biol (Mosk). 2021 Nov-Dec;55(6):927-943. doi: 10.31857/S0026898421060021.
Whole-genome duplication (WGD), or polyploidy, increases the amount of genetic information in the cell. WGDs of whole organisms are found in all branches of eukaryotes and act as a driving force of speciation, complication, and adaptations. Somatic-cell WGDs are observed in all types of tissues and can result from normal or altered ontogenetic programs, regeneration, pathological conditions, aging, malignancy, and metastasis. Despite the versatility of WGDs, their functional significance, general properties, and causes of their higher adaptive potential are unclear. Comparisons of whole-transcriptome data and information from various fields of molecular biology, genomics, and molecular medicine showed several common features for polyploidy of organisms and somatic and cancer cells, making it possible to understand what WGD properties lead to the emergence of an adaptive phenotype. The adaptation potential of WGDs may be associated with an increase in the complexity of the regulation of networks and signaling systems; a higher resistance to stress; and activation of ancient evolutionary programs of unicellularity and pathways of morphogenesis, survival, and life extension. A balance between the cell and organismal levels in controlling gene regulation may shift in stress towards the priority of cell survival, and the shift can lead to cardiovascular diseases and carcinogenesis. The presented information helps to understand how polyploidy creates new phenotypes and why it acts as a driving force of evolution and an important regulator of biological processes in somatic cells during ontogeny, pathogenesis, regeneration, and transformation.
全基因组复制（WGD），即多倍体现象，会增加细胞中的遗传信息量。全生物体的WGD存在于真核生物的所有分支中，是物种形成、复杂化和适应过程的驱动力。在所有类型的组织中都观察到了体细胞WGD，其可能源于正常或改变的个体发育程序、再生、病理状况、衰老、恶性肿瘤和转移。尽管WGD具有多样性，但其功能意义、一般特性以及更高适应性潜力的原因尚不清楚。对全转录组数据以及来自分子生物学、基因组学和分子医学各个领域的信息进行比较后发现，生物体、体细胞和癌细胞的多倍体具有几个共同特征，这使得我们能够了解哪些WGD特性导致了适应性表型的出现。WGD的适应潜力可能与网络和信号系统调控复杂性的增加、对压力的更高抗性以及单细胞古老进化程序和形态发生、存活及寿命延长途径的激活有关。在应激状态下，细胞和生物体水平在控制基因调控方面的平衡可能会向细胞存活的优先级转移，而这种转移可能导致心血管疾病和癌症发生。所提供的信息有助于理解多倍体如何创造新的表型，以及为什么它在个体发育、发病机制、再生和转化过程中作为进化的驱动力和体细胞生物学过程的重要调节因子发挥作用。
