University of Virginia Department of Engineering Systems & Environment, 351 McCormick Road, Thornton Hall D101, Charlottesville, VA 22904, United States.
J Safety Res. 2021 Dec;79:237-245. doi: 10.1016/j.jsr.2021.09.004. Epub 2021 Sep 23.
Using connected vehicle technologies, pedestrian to vehicle (P2V) communication applications can be installed on smart devices allowing pedestrians to communicate with drivers by broadcasting discrete safety messages, received by drivers in-vehicle, as an alternative to expensive fixed-location physical safety infrastructure.
This study consists of designing, developing, and deploying an entirely cyber-physical P2V communication system within the cellular vehicle to everything (C-V2X) environment at a mid-block crosswalk to analyze drivers' reactions to in-vehicle advanced warning messages, the impacts of the advanced warning messages on driver awareness, and drivers' acceptance of this technology.
In testing human subjects with, and without, advanced warning messages upon approaching a mid-block crosswalk, driver reaction, acceptance, speed, eye tracking data, and demographic data were collected. Through an odds ratio comparison, it was found that drivers were at least 2.44 times more likely to stop for the pedestrian with the warning than without during the day, and at least 1.79 times more likely during the night. Furthermore, through binary logistic regression analysis, it was found that driver age, time of the day, and the presence of the advanced warning message all had strong, significant impacts with a confidence value of at least 98% (p < 0.02) on the rate at which drivers stopped for the pedestrian.
The results from this study indicate that the advanced warning message sent within the C-V2X had a strong, positive impact on driver behavior and understanding of pedestrian intent. Practical Applications: Pedestrian crashes and fatality rates at mid-block crossings continue to increase over the years. Connected vehicle technology utilizing smart devices can be used as a means for communications between pedestrians and drivers to deliver safety messages. State and local city planners should consider geofencing designated mid-block crossings at which this technology operates to increase pedestrian safety and driver awareness.
利用车对车（V2V）通信技术，可在智能设备上安装行人对车（P2V）通信应用程序，使行人能够通过广播离散的安全信息与驾驶员进行通信，这些信息可由驾驶员在车内接收，作为昂贵的固定位置物理安全基础设施的替代方案。
本研究包括在蜂窝车对万物（C-V2X）环境中设计、开发和部署一个完全的物理通信系统，在路中间的人行横道处进行分析，以研究驾驶员对车内预警信息的反应、预警信息对驾驶员意识的影响以及驾驶员对这项技术的接受程度。
在对有人工预警信息和无人工预警信息的测试中，测试了接近路中间的人行横道的受试者，收集了驾驶员的反应、接受度、速度、眼动追踪数据和人口统计数据。通过比值比比较，发现白天驾驶员因有警告而停车的可能性至少是没有警告的 2.44 倍，晚上则至少是 1.79 倍。此外，通过二元逻辑回归分析，发现驾驶员年龄、一天中的时间和是否存在预警信息对驾驶员停车率都有很强的显著影响，置信值至少为 98%（p<0.02）。
本研究结果表明，C-V2X 内发送的高级预警信息对驾驶员的行为和对行人意图的理解产生了强烈的积极影响。实际应用：路中间的人行横道处的行人碰撞和死亡率多年来持续上升。利用车对车技术和智能设备可以作为行人和驾驶员之间通信的手段，传递安全信息。州和地方城市规划者应考虑在该技术运行的指定路中间的人行横道处实施地理围栏，以提高行人安全和驾驶员意识。
