Kivelä S L, Lehtomäki E, Kivekäs J
Int J Soc Psychiatry. 1986 Spring;32(1):3-13. doi: 10.1177/002076408603200101.
Depressive symptoms in a population (N = 419) aged 65 years or over and receiving home nursing, home help or both were assessed by postal questionnaires including the Zung self-rating depression scale (SDS). Eighty-six percent participated, and 38 percent of both men and women scored 45 raw sumpoints or more in the SDS. The mean of the raw sumpoints was 42.1 (+/- 9.6) for men (N = 100) and 41.4 (+/- 9.0) for women (N = 238, the difference being nonsignificant. Home help clients scored less than home nursing patients or patients receiving both home nursing and home help. The population scoring 45 raw SDS sumpoints or more was investigated by a general practitioner, and the diagnosis of depression was made according to DSM III-criteria. The clinical investigations showed 26 percent of both men and women who participated to be depressive. Chronic depression was the most common class, followed by atypical depression. About two thirds of the depressive men and half of the depressive women were 'new' cases in that it had not been realized earlier that they suffer from depression. Atypical depression was the class where underdiagnozing was most evident. Among elderly men psychomotor retardation, libido loss, anorexia and indecisiveness and among elderly women psychomotor retardation, indecisiveness, emptiness and diurnal variation were common symptoms of depression.
对419名65岁及以上接受家庭护理、居家帮助或两者皆有的人群，通过包含zung自评抑郁量表（SDS）的邮政问卷评估其抑郁症状。86%的人参与了调查，男性和女性中均有38%在SDS中原始总分达到45分及以上。男性（N = 100）原始总分均值为42.1（±9.6），女性（N = 238）为41.4（±9.0），差异不显著。接受居家帮助的人群得分低于接受家庭护理的患者或同时接受家庭护理和居家帮助的患者。对原始SDS总分达到45分及以上的人群，由全科医生进行调查，并根据《精神疾病诊断与统计手册》第三版标准做出抑郁症诊断。临床调查显示，参与调查的男性和女性中均有26%患有抑郁症。慢性抑郁症是最常见的类型，其次是非典型抑郁症。约三分之二的抑郁男性和一半的抑郁女性是“新”病例，因为之前未意识到他们患有抑郁症。非典型抑郁症是诊断不足最明显的类型。老年男性中，精神运动迟缓、性欲减退、食欲不振和犹豫不决，以及老年女性中，精神运动迟缓、犹豫不决、空虚感和昼夜变化是抑郁症的常见症状。
