A fundamental landscape of fungal biogeographical patterns across the main Chinese wine-producing regions and the dominating shaping factors.

The microbial terroir plays an indispensable role in the formation of regional wine characteristics. A fundamental landscape of the fungal biogeographical patterns across Chinese wine-producing regions was obtained by characterizing the fungal communities in spontaneous fermentation. After confirming the established national microbial terroir, the fungal heterogeneity was evaluated at different geographical levels. The result showed that the variation between the wineries was more evident than at a regional level. Moreover, the microbial comparability from various regions with similar climates or wineries within the same regions was revealed. Further discriminant analysis determined the specific fungal biomarkers in different regions, while the associated reverse identification model displayed reliable accuracy (>70%). Correlation analysis illustrated the primary role of the geoclimatic factors (>41%) in shaping the fungal geographical patterns, and the relationship between the microbiome and spontaneous fermentation performance. In addition to expanding the knowledge regarding wine microbes, these findings provided a new benchmark for harnessing the microbial terroir to enhance regional wine expression.