Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, PR China.
Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
Sci Total Environ. 2022 Mar 10;811:151984. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151984. Epub 2021 Dec 4.
Household dust has been considered as an important pathway for children's environmental Pb exposure. Shanghai was one of the first cities in China that removed Pb from petrol and has been shown in our previous study to have the lowest childhood blood Pb levels in China. This study therefore examines household dust Pb (Pb) in Shanghai in order to determine the extent and exposure risks of Pb. Household vacuum cleaner dust samples (n = 40) were collected and analyzed for total Pb concentration, bio-accessible Pb concentration and Pb isotopic compositions (Pb). The mean concentration of Pb was 195 mg/kg, which is between 7 and 10 times the Pb concentration of background soil samples from Shanghai. Among the investigated homes, those living in neighborhoods with lower average estate prices have higher dust Pb exposure risks for children. Bio-accessibility of Pb in household dust ranged between 53 and 91%, with a mean value of 71%. Analysis of Pb of household dust samples (Pb/Pb: 2.1096 ± 0.0054; Pb/Pb: 0.8648 ± 0.0025) are a close match to Pb of coal combustion and solid waste incineration and fit well with those of outdoor air Pb and urban surface soil Pb of Shanghai. The study shows that children living in Shanghai are subject to Pb exposure, with children living in the homes with lower average price having increased susceptibility to Pb exposure. The data indicate that Pb is derived primarily from contemporary coal combustion and solid waste incineration rather than common legacy Pb sources (e.g., Pb petrol and paint). Practices including closing doors and windows on days with poor air quality or high wind and preventing shoe wearing inside homes will aid in minimizing outdoor surface soil and ambient particulate intrusion indoors.
家庭灰尘已被认为是儿童环境铅暴露的重要途径。上海是中国最早禁止含铅汽油的城市之一，在我们之前的研究中，上海的儿童血铅水平也是全国最低的。因此，本研究检测了上海家庭灰尘中的铅（Pb），以确定 Pb 的含量和暴露风险。采集并分析了 40 个家庭真空吸尘器集尘样本中的总 Pb 浓度、生物可利用性 Pb 浓度和 Pb 同位素组成（Pb）。Pb 的平均浓度为 195mg/kg，介于上海背景土壤样本 Pb 浓度的 7 到 10 倍之间。在所调查的家庭中，那些居住在平均房价较低的社区的家庭，其儿童面临更高的灰尘 Pb 暴露风险。家庭灰尘中 Pb 的生物可利用性在 53%至 91%之间，平均值为 71%。家庭灰尘样本的 Pb 分析（Pb/Pb：2.1096±0.0054；Pb/Pb：0.8648±0.0025）与煤燃烧和固体废物焚烧的 Pb 非常匹配，与上海的户外空气 Pb 和城市表层土壤 Pb 也非常吻合。研究表明，上海的儿童存在 Pb 暴露的情况，而居住在平均价格较低的家庭中的儿童对 Pb 暴露的敏感性更高。数据表明，Pb 主要来源于当代的煤燃烧和固体废物焚烧，而不是常见的遗留 Pb 源（如含铅汽油和油漆）。在空气质量差或大风天关闭门窗、防止穿鞋进入室内等措施，将有助于减少室外地表土壤和环境颗粒物向室内的侵入。
