Wirkner Christian S, Richter Stefan
Institut für Biowissenschaften, Universität Rostock, Allgemeine & Spezielle Zoologie, Universitätsplatz 2, 18055 Rostock, Germany.
Cladistics. 2010 Apr;26(2):143-167. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2009.00278.x. Epub 2009 Oct 9.
We demonstrate that by formulating guidelines for evolutionary morphology the transparency, reproducibility, and intersubject testability of evolutionary hypotheses based on morphological data can be enhanced. The five main steps in our concept of evolutionary morphology are (i) taxon sampling, (ii) structural analysis, (iii) character conceptualization, (iv) phylogenetic analysis, and (v) evolutionary interpretation. We illustrate this concept on the example of the morphology of the circulatory organs in peracarid Malacostraca. The analysis is based on recently published accounts in which detailed structural analyses were carried out, and on the older literature. Detailed conceptualizations of 22 characters of the circulatory system are given for 28 terminals. In a further step these characters are included in a recently revised matrix, resulting in 110 characters. The resulting parsimony analysis yielded a single most parsimonious tree with a length of 309 steps. The most significant results are that Peracarida is monophyletic, Amphipoda is the sister taxon to the Mancoida sensu stricto, the relict cave-dwelling taxa Thermosbaenacea, Spelaeogriphacea, and Mictocarididae form a monophylum and Tanaidacea is the sister group to a monophylum comprising Cumacea and Isopoda. The evolutionary analysis shows that the ground pattern features of the circulatory organs in Peracarida are a tubular heart extending through the whole thorax, a posterior aorta with lateral arteries, and a ventral vessel system. Important features within the Peracarida are the backward shift of the anterior border of the heart, the reduction of the ventral vessel system, and two patterns of cardiac arteries, one common to the amphipod and tanaidacean terminals, and one to the cumacean and isopod terminals. © The Willi Hennig Society 2009.
我们证明，通过制定进化形态学准则，可以提高基于形态学数据的进化假说的透明度、可重复性和主体间可测试性。我们进化形态学概念的五个主要步骤是：（i）分类群抽样，（ii）结构分析，（iii）特征概念化，（iv）系统发育分析，以及（v）进化解释。我们以软甲亚纲囊虾总目的循环器官形态为例来说明这一概念。该分析基于最近发表的进行了详细结构分析的文献以及较旧的文献。针对28个终端给出了循环系统22个性状的详细概念化。在进一步的步骤中，这些性状被纳入最近修订的矩阵中，从而产生了110个性状。由此产生的简约分析得出了一棵单一的最简约树，长度为309步。最重要的结果是，囊虾总目是单系的，端足目是狭义曼氏总目的姊妹分类群，残余的穴居分类群温泉虾目、洞虾目和微虾科形成一个单系类群，而等足目是一个包括涟虫目和等足目的单系类群的姊妹群。进化分析表明，囊虾总目循环器官的基本模式特征是一个贯穿整个胸部的管状心脏、一条带有侧动脉的后主动脉以及一个腹血管系统。囊虾总目内部的重要特征是心脏前缘向后移位、腹血管系统的减少以及两种心脏动脉模式，一种是端足目和等足目终端共有的，另一种是涟虫目和等足目终端共有的。© 威利·亨尼希协会2009年。
