Abd-El-Basset Ebtesam M, Rao Muddanna Sakkattu, Alshawaf Solaiman M, Ashkanani Hasan Kh, Kabli Abdulaziz H
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, Safat 13100, Kuwait.
MD students, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait.
AIMS Neurosci. 2021 Nov 16;8(4):558-584. doi: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2021031. eCollection 2021.
Neuro-inflammation occurs as a sequence of brain injury and is associated with production of cytokines. Cytokines can modulate the function and survival of neurons, microglia and astrocytes. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of TNF on the neurons, microglia and astrocytes in normal brain and stab wound brain injury.
Normal BALB/c male mice (N) without any injury were subdivided into NA and NB groups. Another set mouse was subjected to stab wound brain injury (I) and were subdivided into IA and IB. NA and IA groups received intraperitoneal injections of TNF (1 µg/kg body weight/day) for nine days, whereas NB and IB groups received intraperitoneal injections of PBS. Animals were killed on 1, 2, 3, 7, and 9 day. Frozen brain sections through the injury site in IA and IB or corresponding region in NA and NB groups were stained for neurodegeneration, immunostained for astrocytes, microglia and neurons. Western blotting for GFAP and ELISA for BDNF were done from the tissues collected from all groups.
The number of degenerating neurons significantly decreased in TNF treated groups. There was a significant increase in the number of astrocytes and microglia in TNF treated groups compared to PBS treated groups. In addition, it was found that TNF stimulated the expression of GFAP and BDNF in NA and IA groups.
TNF induces astrogliosis and microgliosis in normal and injured brain and promotes the survival of cortical neurons in stab wound brain injury, may be by upregulating the BDNF level.
神经炎症作为脑损伤的一系列过程而发生，并与细胞因子的产生相关。细胞因子可调节神经元、小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞的功能及存活。本研究的目的是检测肿瘤坏死因子（TNF）对正常脑及刺伤性脑损伤中的神经元、小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞的影响。
将未受任何损伤的正常BALB/c雄性小鼠（N）分为NA和NB组。另一组小鼠接受刺伤性脑损伤（I），并分为IA和IB组。NA和IA组连续九天腹腔注射TNF（1微克/千克体重/天），而NB和IB组腹腔注射磷酸盐缓冲液（PBS）。在第1、2、3、7和9天处死动物。对IA和IB组损伤部位或NA和NB组相应区域的脑冰冻切片进行神经变性染色、星形胶质细胞、小胶质细胞和神经元免疫染色。对所有组收集的组织进行GFAP的蛋白质免疫印迹分析及脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）的酶联免疫吸附测定。
TNF处理组中变性神经元数量显著减少。与PBS处理组相比，TNF处理组中星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞数量显著增加。此外，发现TNF刺激NA和IA组中GFAP和BDNF的表达。
TNF在正常脑和损伤脑中诱导星形胶质细胞增生和小胶质细胞增生，并促进刺伤性脑损伤中皮质神经元的存活，可能是通过上调BDNF水平实现的。
