Chalcone-inspired rA /A adenosine receptor ligands: Ring closure as an alternative to a reactive substructure.

Over the past few years, great progress has been made in the development of high-affinity adenosine A and/or A receptor antagonists-promising agents for the potential treatment of Parkinson's disease. Unfortunately, many of these compounds raise structure-related concerns. The present study investigated the effect of ring closures on the rA /A affinity of compounds containing a highly reactive α,β-unsaturated carbonyl system, hence providing insight into the potential of heterocycles to address these concerns. A total of 12 heterocyclic compounds were synthesised and evaluated in silico and in vitro. The test compounds performed well upon qualitative assessment of drug-likeness and were generally found to be free from potentially problematic fragments. Most also showed low/weak cytotoxicity. Results from radioligand binding experiments confirm that heterocycles (particularly 2-substituted 3-cyanopyridines) can replace the promiscuous α,β-unsaturated ketone functional group without compromising A /A affinity. Structure-activity relationships highlighted the importance of hydrogen bonds in binding to the receptors of interest. Compounds 3c (rA K  = 16 nM; rA K  = 65 nM) and 8a (rA K  = 102 nM; rA K  = 37 nM), which both act as A antagonists, showed significant dual A /A affinity and may, therefore, inspire further investigation into heterocycles as potentially safe and potent adenosine receptor antagonists.